The role of affective temperament and emotional expression in predicting chronic fatigue in patients with cancer hospitalized in Ardabil City, Iran, during the autumn of 2016

BACKGROUND: Affective temperament and emotional expression can be important in the mental and physical consequences of patients with cancer. This study aimed to determine the role of affective temperament and emotional expression in predicting chronic fatigue in patients with cancer. METHODS: 110 patients with cancer, hospitalized in the surgery and hematology wards of Fatemi and Imam Khomeini Hospitals in Ardabil City, Iran, in autumn of 2016, were selected by purposive sampling and participated in this cross-sectional study. The Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS), Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ), and Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFQ) were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed by correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis using SPSS software. RESULTS: Chronic fatigue positively correlated with depressive (r = 0.69, P < 0.01), anxious (r = 0.59, P < 0.01), apathetic (r = 0.64, P < 0.01), dysphoric (r = 0.37, P < 0.01), volatile (r = 0.61, P < 0.01), irritable (r = 0.36, P < 0.01), disinhibited (r = 0.33, P < 0.01), and obsessive (r = 0.52, P < 0.01) affective temperaments, but it negatively correlated with cyclothymic (r = -0.35, P < 0.01), hyperthymic (r = -0.62, P < 0.01), euphoric (r = -0.69, P < 0.01), and euthymic (r = -0.21, P < 0.01) affective temperaments. Also, it was found that there was a negative relationship between chronic fatigue and emotional expression (r = -0.27, P < 0.01). Results of regression analysis showed that 79% of the total variance of chronic fatigue was explained by affective temperaments. In addition, 27% of the total variance of the chronic fatigue was explained by emotional expressiveness. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that we can consider the affective temperament and emotional expression as psychological factors underlying the chronic fatigue in patients with cancer

The role of affective temperament and emotional expression in predicting chronic fatigue in patients with cancer hospitalized in Ardabil City, Iran, during the autumn of 2016

BACKGROUND: Affective temperament and emotional expression can be important in the mental and physical consequences of patients with cancer. This study aimed to determine the role of affective temperament and emotional expression in predicting chronic fatigue in patients with cancer.METHODS: 110 patients with cancer, hospitalized in the surgery and hematology wards of Fatemi and Imam Khomeini Hospitals in Ardabil City, Iran, in autumn of 2016, were selected by purposive sampling and participated in this cross-sectional study. The Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS), Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ), and Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFQ) were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed by correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis using SPSS software.RESULTS: Chronic fatigue positively correlated with depressive (r = 0.69, P &lt; 0.01), anxious (r = 0.59, P &lt; 0.01), apathetic (r = 0.64, P &lt; 0.01), dysphoric (r = 0.37, P &lt; 0.01), volatile (r = 0.61, P &lt; 0.01), irritable (r = 0.36, P &lt; 0.01), disinhibited (r = 0.33, P &lt; 0.01), and obsessive (r = 0.52, P &lt; 0.01) affective temperaments, but it negatively correlated with cyclothymic (r = -0.35, P &lt; 0.01), hyperthymic (r = -0.62, P &lt; 0.01), euphoric (r = -0.69, P &lt; 0.01), and euthymic (r = -0.21, P &lt; 0.01) affective temperaments. Also, it was found that there was a negative relationship between chronic fatigue and emotional expression (r = -0.27, P &lt; 0.01). Results of regression analysis showed that 79% of the total variance of chronic fatigue was explained by affective temperaments. In addition, 27% of the total variance of the chronic fatigue was explained by emotional expressiveness.CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that we can consider the affective temperament and emotional expression as psychological factors underlying the chronic fatigue in patients with cancer

The Structural Model of Suicidal Ideation Based on Addiction to Social Networks and Psychological Maltreatment with Mindfulness Mediation in Adolescents

Aims: Addiction to social networks and mental maltreatment are related to suicidal thoughts in adolescents. However, the mediating role of mindfulness in this relationship is unclear. The present study investigated the structural model of suicidal ideation based on addiction to social networks and psychological maltreatment with mindfulness mediation in adolescents. Materials and Methods: The present research method is descriptive and correlation type (structural equations). The statistical population of this research consisted of all male students in the second year of high school studying in public schools in Ardabil City in 2021. From this population, a sample of 170 people was selected using the available sampling method and responded to Beck's suicidal ideation, Turel's social network addiction, Brown's mindfulness and Nash's psychological maltreatment questionnaires. To analyze the data, structural equation modelling was used using SPSS 25 and smartpls.4 software. Findings: One hundred seventy subjects with an average age of 15.19±1.29 years participated in this research. The averages of the research variables were calculated as; suicide ideation indices 14.25±2.79, psychological maltreatment 50.62±15.72, social network addiction 50.64±10.69 and mindfulness 62.77±5.61. All values of Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability of research constructs were greater than 0.7 (Table 1). Also, the value of AVE for the constructs was greater than 0.5, indicating the research model's reliability and acceptable convergent validity. The mean square root of the variance extracted for each construct was higher compared to the correlation of that construct with other constructs; therefore, it can be said that in the research model, the latent variables interacted more with the questions related to themselves than with other constructs, so the model had good validity (Table 2). R Square values and Q2 criteria were used to check the structural model's fit. The R Square measure shows the influence of one or more exogenous variables on an endogenous variable. Three values of 0.19, 0.33 and 0.67 were considered as the criteria for weak, medium and strong values. The Q²predict criterion was also used to evaluate the model's predictive power. Values larger than zero indicate that PLS-SEM estimation is predictively appropriate. The value of R Square for the construct of mindfulness was 0.349, and the construct of suicidal ideation was 0.526, which indicated a suitable value. The values of Q²predict showed that the endogenous variables of both constructs had a good predictive ability with their respective constructs. In order to determine the adequacy of the fit of the proposed model with the data of the indices, the values of each of these indices were between zero and one, and values close to or greater than 0.90 were a sign of the model's suitability. The Normed Fit Index (NFI) for this model was 0.96, which was within the acceptable range and since the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) for the present model was obtained as 0.06, on the other hand, the acceptable interval for it was less than 0.08, so it can be said that the fitted model was suitable (Table 4). After verifying the validity and reliability, the structural model of the research was evaluated, and the research hypotheses were examined. The results of the structural equation test showed that the coefficients of the direct path of psychological maltreatment on suicidal ideation (p=0.001; β=0.31), the coefficients of the path of addiction to social networks on suicidal ideation (p=0.001; 0.54) =β) was significant and the Bootstrap significance test showed that mental maltreatment (p=0.001; β=0.26; t=2.190) and addiction to social networks (p=0.001; β=0.11; t=1.119) were significantly mediated by mindfulness. According to the values of the significant t coefficients and the path coefficient obtained in the above models, it can be concluded that the significant t coefficients were more outstanding than 1.96, so the research hypotheses were confirmed at the confidence level of 95%. In addition, mental maltreatment and addiction to social networks significantly affected suicidal ideation with mindfulness meditation (Table 5).One hundred seventy subjects with an average age of 15.19±1.29 years participated in this research. The averages of the research variables were calculated as; suicide ideation indices 14.25±2.79, psychological maltreatment 50.62±15.72, social network addiction 50.64±10.69 and mindfulness 62.77±5.61. All values of Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability of research constructs were greater than 0.7 (Table 1). Also, the value of AVE for the constructs was greater than 0.5, indicating the research model's reliability and acceptable convergent validity. The mean square root of the variance extracted for each construct was higher compared to the correlation of that construct with other constructs; therefore, it can be said that in the research model, the latent variables interacted more with the questions related to themselves than with other constructs, so the model had good validity (Table 2). R Square values and Q2 criteria were used to check the structural model's fit. The R Square measure shows the influence of one or more exogenous variables on an endogenous variable. Three values of 0.19, 0.33 and 0.67 were considered as the criteria for weak, medium and strong values. The Q²predict criterion was also used to evaluate the model's predictive power. Values larger than zero indicate that PLS-SEM estimation is predictively appropriate. The value of R Square for the construct of mindfulness was 0.349, and the construct of suicidal ideation was 0.526, which indicated a suitable value. The values of Q²predict showed that the endogenous variables of both constructs had a good predictive ability with their respective constructs. In order to determine the adequacy of the fit of the proposed model with the data of the indices, the values of each of these indices were between zero and one, and values close to or greater than 0.90 were a sign of the model's suitability. The Normed Fit Index (NFI) for this model was 0.96, which was within the acceptable range and since the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) for the present model was obtained as 0.06, on the other hand, the acceptable interval for it was less than 0.08, so it can be said that the fitted model was suitable (Table 4). After verifying the validity and reliability, the structural model of the research was evaluated, and the research hypotheses were examined. The results of the structural equation test showed that the coefficients of the direct path of psychological maltreatment on suicidal ideation (p=0.001; β=0.31), the coefficients of the path of addiction to social networks on suicidal ideation (p=0.001; 0.54) =β) was significant and the Bootstrap significance test showed that mental maltreatment (p=0.001; β=0.26; t=2.190) and addiction to social networks (p=0.001; β=0.11; t=1.119) were significantly mediated by mindfulness. According to the values of the significant t coefficients and the path coefficient obtained in the above models, it can be concluded that the significant t coefficients were more outstanding than 1.96, so the research hypotheses were confirmed at the confidence level of 95%. In addition, mental maltreatment and addiction to social networks significantly affected suicidal ideation with mindfulness meditation (Table 5). Conclusion: The results of this study show that in addition to the direct effect of addiction to social networks and psychological maltreatment on suicidal ideation, mindfulness also acts as a mediating variable on the indirect effects of addiction to social networks and psychological maltreatment on suicidal ideation. Clinical & Practical Tips in POLICE MEDICINE: Considering the higher prevalence of suicidal ideation in adolescents as a vulnerable group, the results of this study can help design preventive programs and hold educational workshops for continuous training in suicide ideation control by military counsellors, psychologists and staff. Also, due to the significant protective function that mindfulness seems to play in reducing risk factors for increased suicidal behaviour, mindfulness-based interventions help treat people who have suicidal thoughts or engage in suicidal behaviours. Acknowledgements: Hereby, all the compassionate cooperation of the director, counsellor and teachers of the schools of Ardabil city in Iran and all the students participating in the research are highly appreciated. Conflict of Interest: The article's authors state that there is no conflict of interest regarding the present study. Authors Contribution: Sajjad Beshrpoor, presenting the idea and design of the study; Shirin Ahmadi, data collection and analysis. All the authors participated in the initial writing of the article and its revision, and all of them accept the responsibility of the accuracy and correctness of the contents of the present article by finalizing the present article. Funding Sources: This research was carried out with the financial support of the Research Vice-Chancellor of Mohaghegh Ardabili University

بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی و اضطراب کرونا در پیش‌بینی اهمال‌کاری شغلی با میانجی‌گری سرسختی روان‌شناختی

Background and Aim: Procrastination is a factor that affects people's attitudes and work behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Moral Disengagement and corona anxiety in predicting Occupational Procrastination mediated by psychological hardiness. Methods: The method of the present study was descriptive and correlational (structural equations). The statistical population of the present study consisted of all employees of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2021. A sample of 160 people was selected from this population by random sampling method and answered questionnaires, occupational procrastination, psychological hardiness, moral disengagement and corona anxiety. SPSS 25 and Lisrel 8.8 were used to analyze the collected data. Ethical Considerations: The confidentiality of the questionnaires and the informed consent of the participants in the research along with the authority to leave it have been observed. Results: The results showed that moral disengagement and corona anxiety have a direct and significant effect on job procrastination, Also, the indirect effect of moral disengagement and corona anxiety was confirmed by the mediation of psychological hardiness. Conclusion: According to the findings, counselors and psychologists are recommended to hold training workshops on training to deal with moral apathy, stress management and anxiety to reduce procrastination. Please cite this article as: Basharpoor S, Ahmadi SH. The Role of Moral Disengagement and Corona Anxiety in Predicting Occupational Procrastination Mediated by Psychological Hardiness. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e35.زمینه و هدف: اهمال‌کاری عاملی است که بر نگرش و رفتار کاری افراد تأثیر می‌گذارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی و اضطراب کرونا در پیش‌بینی اهمال‌کاری شغلی با میانجی‌گری سرسختی روان‌شناختی انجام شد. روش: روش پژوهش حاضر توصیفی و از نوع همبستگی (معادلات ساختاری) بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر را كلیه کارکنان دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی در سال 1400 تشکیل داد. از این جامعه نمونه‌ای به حجم 160 نفر به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی انتخاب و به پرسشنامه‌های اهمال‌کاری شغلی، سرسختی روان‌شناختی، بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی و اضطراب کرونا پاسخ دادند. به منظور تجزیه‌ و تحلیل داده‌های گردآوری‌شده از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS 25 و Lisrel 8.8 استفاده شد. ملاحظات اخلاقی: محرمانه‌بودن پرسشنامه‌ها، رضایت آگاهانه شرکت‌کنندگان در پژوهش و اختیار خروج از آن رعایت شده است. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی و اضطراب کرونا بر اهمال‌کاری شغلی اثر مستقیم و معنی‌داری دارد. همچنین اثر غیر مستقیم بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی و اضطراب کرونا با میانجی‌گری سرسختی روان‌شناختی تأیید شد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به یافته‌های به دست‌آمده به مشاوران و روان‌شناسان، برگزاری کارگاه‌های آموزشی مبنی بر آموزش مقابله با بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی، مدیریت استرس و اضطراب جهت کاهش اهمال‌کاری توصیه می‌گردد

The Effectiveness of narrative exposure therapy on quality of life related in paeints with posttraumatic stress

Cancer is one of the most important diseases of the century among the cause of death after cardiovascular disease. Detection of cancer, followed by prolonged treatments, is usually a stressful experience. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of narrative exposure therapy on improvements of quality of life in individuals with cancer-related PTSD. The study population included all female cancer patients with post-traumatic stress disorder at the Center for Hematology and Oncology Fouladshahr Motahari hospitals in early June to mid-September 1395 period were hospitalized formed. Among them, 30 people were selected through targeted sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (in each group15 people).The data collection tool was the WHO )WHOQOL-BRIEF) Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Mississippi Scale. The process of encountering treatment for 6 days and 90 minutes each session was based on narrative of unpleasant memories related to the disease, and the control group did not receive any interventions. The results were analyzed using software of multivariate covariance analysis. The results showed that the exposure of the health care provider in the overall score of quality of life, including physical health, mental health, social communication and environmental health, has improved the quality of life of women with post-traumatic stress disorder associated with cancer. in result It can be used as an effective Narrative exposure therapy the quality of life of these patients in the oncology centers and as complementary therapies along with medical treatments

Comparing the Effectiveness of Systematic Desensitization and Distraction on Pain and Fear in Children with Dental Problems

Background & objectives: One of the difficulties of community of dentists, especially dentists dealing with children, is the pain and fear of dental treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of systematic desensitization and distraction on reducing fear and pain in children with dental problems. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study designed with pretest-posttest multi groups according to control group. For this purpose, 45 children with dental problems referred to the dental clinic of Ardabil was selected and divided into three groups of 15 people: systematic desensitization (n=15), distraction (n=15) and control group (n=15). All of three groups answered to dental fears survey and numeric scale of pain as pre-test. Then, the therapeutic method of systematic desensitization and distraction was performed on two experimental groups. After completion of the treatments, three groups answered to dental fear survey and numeric scale of pain. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used for the analysis of the data. Results: The results showed a significant difference in the score of post-test between three groups in pain (F=197.27; p<0.001) anddental fear (F=178.36; p<0.001). LSD post hoc test results showed that systematic desensitization method was more effective in reduction of pain and the distraction method was more affective in reduction of dental fear. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that psychological interventions of distracting and systematic desensitization can be used to reduce fear and pain at pediatric clinics

Predicting sleep quality in adolescents based on dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, neuroticism, internet addiction, and anxiety sensitivity mediated by emotion regulation strategies and mindfulness

Background: Although numerous factors are at play at different cognitive, personality trait, emotional, and behavioral levels in sleep quality in adolescents, the wider picture is still unclear. Aims: This study aimed to predict sleep quality in adolescents based on dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, neuroticism, Internet addiction, and anxiety sensitivity mediated by emotion regulation strategies and mindfulness. Methods: Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used in this study. The statistical population included all female and male senior high school students in Damghan, Iran in the 2020–21 academic year. Three hundred and twenty nine adolescents were selected by multistage cluster sampling. Research instruments were Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS) (Morin et al., 1993), NEO Five-Factor Inventory, Short Form (NEO-FFI-SF) (Costa and McCrae, 1989), Internet Addiction Test (IAT) (Young, 1998), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) (Reiss, Peterson, Gursky, and McNally, 1986), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ–CA) (Gross and John, 2003), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) (Ryan and Brown, 2003), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (Buysse et al., 1989). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and SEM. Results: The findings showed that mindfulness and adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies mediated the relationship of neuroticism, anxiety sensitivity, dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, and Internet addiction with sleep quality (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the structural model of the research had a good fit and hence Clinical therapists specializing in adolescents’ mental health are recommended to take into consideration the role of these components

Developing a Family-Centered Eclectic Model and Comparison of its Effectiveness with the Treatment of Parent-Child Interaction in Improving the Parent-Child Relationship of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (High Performance)

Introduction: It seems necessary to identify the components affecting the treatment and to develop a comprehensive, flexible, family-oriented eclectic model that is compatible with each family. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an eclectic family-centered model and compare its effectiveness with the treatment of parent-child interaction in improving the parent-child relationship of children with autism. Methods: The present study was an experimental one; a pre-test-post-test design was run in this study. The participants of this study included all mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders in Tehran Autism Medical Center in Tehran City, Iran. Thirty-six people with targeted sampling were selected and randomly replaced in three groups: the parent-child interaction program (PCIT), eclectic family-centered model, and control groups. In this study, Pianta child parent relationship scale (CPRS) was used and statistical analysis of covariance with SPSS-16 software was used to analyze the data. Results: The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of the parent-child relationship variable in the family-centered eclectic model group compared to the parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) and the control group. Family- centered eclectic model in comparison to the parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) was more effective in improving parent-child relationships in terms of intimacy and dependence. Conclusion: As a result, the eclectic family-centered model can be considered as a more appropriate alternative for psychological interventions to improve the parent-child relationship in mothers of children with autism

A path analysis of the effects of emotional temperaments on symptoms of conduct disorder in adolescents: An investigation of the mediating role of anger rumination

Introduction: Emotional temperaments are consistently associated with psychopathology and recognized as a risk factor for many psychological disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain unclear. Aim: This study aimed to conduct a path analysis of the effects of emotional temperaments on the symptoms of conduct disorder in adolescents by investigating the mediating role of anger rumination. Method: This descriptive, correlational study was conducted by the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population consisted of all first- and second-grade high school students in Urmia, Iran, in 2020-2021 academic years. A total of 220 students were selected by the multistage random sampling method and completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (2003), Affective and Emotional Composite Temperaments Scale (2011), and Anger Rumination Scale (2001). Descriptive statistics were calculated to analyze the collected data in SPSS version 27, and a path analysis was performed using SmartPLS version 3 to test the study hypotheses. Results: The emotional temperaments of activation (β=0.21, p<0.01) and sensitivity (β=0.26, p<0.01) had direct positive effects on the symptoms of conduct disorder, whereas temperaments of control (β=-0.29, p<0.01), coping (β=-0.18, p<0.01), and inhibition (β=-0.11, p<0.01) had direct negative effects on these symptoms. The temperaments of activation (β=0.21, p<0.05), inhibition (β=0.11, p<0.01), and sensitivity (β=0.36, p<0.01) had direct positive effects on anger rumination, while the temperaments of control (β=-0.45, p<0.01) and coping (β=-0.28, p<0.05) had direct negative effects on this variable. The results pertaining to the indirect effects of temperaments also indicated that anger rumination mediated the relationship between emotional temperaments and symptoms of conduct disorder (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed that the temperaments of activation and sensitivity were risk factors for conduct disorder, whereas the temperaments of control, coping, and inhibition were protective factors for it. Besides, anger rumination mediated the effects of emotional temperaments on conduct disorder