Effects of some indigenous plant extracts on Meloidogyne javanica infesting eggplant and pepper under greenhouse condition

Among the major pests of vegetables are Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) (RKNs), which cause loss of production due to galling and reduction in root development and shoot growth. Herein, the efficacy of plant extracts of Capsicum frutescens, Hyoscyamus niger, Melia azedarach, Xanthium strumarium and Achillea wilhelmsii were evaluated at 3 concentrations (3, 6, and 12%) against Meloidogyne javanica on pepper and eggplant. Experiments were carried in pots under greenhouse condition, using pepper cv. Charleston and eggplant cv. Kemer as assay plants that are commonly cultivated in Turkey. Approximately 3,000 eggs of M. javanica were used for hatching test and 1,000 J2 of M. javanica were used for mortality test. Approximately, 5 mL of plant extracts were added by a syringe into the soil. Each experiment was arranged in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 5 replications. The control (+) pots received water containing M. javanica and the control (-) pots received only water. At the end of the experiment, plants heights and weights were measured. According to the results, all plant extracts showed a different level of nematicidal activity at 3, 6, and 12% concentrations. The plant extracts of H. niger, and X. strumarium at 12% concentration were found more efficient than M. azedarach, C. frutescens and A. wilhelmsii extract on egg hatching, on both pepper and eggplant plants. J2s mortality experiments showed that 12% concentration of H. niger, M. azedarach and X. strumarium were more effective against M. javanica than the other treatments, on both pepper and eggplant plants. In general, there was no significant difference was found among nematode mortality and growth parameters (such as plant height, the fresh and dry weights of the above-ground parts of the plants, fresh and dry weights of roots of both pepper and eggplant plants). Accordingly, using H. niger and X. strumarium plant extracts can provide effective methods of M. javanica control. © 2018, Tarbiat Modares University. All rights reserved

Extracts of some indigenous plants affecting hatching and mortality in the root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood]

The root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) (RKNs) are one of the major pests of vegetables which cause yield losses due to galling and reduction in root development and shoot growth. Herein, effects of five different plants extracts; pepper, Capsicum frutescents (Cf); henbane, Hyoscyamus niger (Hn); bead-tree, Melia azedarah (Ma); common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium (Xs); and yarrow, Achillea wilhelmsii (Aw) on eggs and second stage juveniles (J2s) of the RKN (Meloidogyne javanica) were evaluated in vitro tests. All plant extracts showed different levels of anti-nematode’s activity. Plant extract concentrations of 3, 6 and 12% for Hn, Xs and Ma caused 100% inhibition of egg hatching, followed by Cf and Aw. Ma and Xs were more effective for inducing mortality among J2s than the other tested extracts. © 2016, Egyptian Society for Biological Control of Pests. All rights reserved

Effects of some indigenous plant extracts on mortality of the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen

The genus of root lesion nematodes (RLN), Pratylenchus, feeds and reproduces in the root cortex of many plant species. RLN was reproduced on carrot culture by using a pure culture. In vitro tests were carried out to determine the effects of plant extracts from three indigenous plants: henbane, Hyoscyamus niger; bead-tree, Melia azedarah and common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium on P. thornei (the major wheat root-lesion nematode). The nematodes were exposed for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs in three concentrations of plant extracts. The effect of plant extracts was performed using the suspensions of P. thornei (100 nematodes ml-1) in distilled water. Distilled water was used as a control. All dishes were kept at 28±2°C. The plant extracts of H. niger, M. azedarah and X. strumarium exhibited highly promising mortality rate (100%) after 72 hours of exposure time. The result of this study suggests the studied plant extracts to be used for reducing the P. thornei population. © 2016, Egyptian Society for Biological Control of Pests. All rights reserved

Evaluation of antimicrobial and thermal effects of diode laser on root canal dentin

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of diode laser and temperature rise on the root surface during application. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six teeth were chemomechanically prepared and irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and then autoclaved and incubated with a suspension of Enterococcus faecalis. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 12): Group 1, irradiated by diode laser at 1.2 W; Group 2, irradiated by diode laser at 2 W; and Group 3, irradiated by diode laser at 3 W. The grown bacteria were counted and the mean numbers of the each test tube were determined. The temperature was measured on the external apical third of the root during laser application. The mean values of results for each group were compared using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test. Results: No significant difference was obtained among the test groups in terms of the colony counts (P > 0.05). According to the temperature changes, there was a significant difference between groups (P < 0.05). Temperature rises were 16.79°C, 10.20°C, and 6.25°C in Group 3, Group 2, and Group 1, respectively. Conclusion: Diode laser irradiation with 1.2 W demonstrated comparable performance with 2 W and 3 W power sets for elimination of E. faecalis from root canal with less temperature rise. © 2018 Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow

Identification of Turkish isolate of the entomopathogenic fungi, Purpureocillium lilacinum (syn: Paecilomyces lilacinus) and its effect on potato pests, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops in Turkey as well in the world. Potato plants are attacked by a large number of insect pests such as aphids, beetles, leafhoppers and lepidopterous pests under both field and storage conditions. The Colorado potato beetle (CPB) [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)] and the potato tuber moth (PTM) [Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)] are the most destructive pests in potatoes grown areas. Many pesticides that used to control the potato pests are very toxic to environment and human. An alternative approach to the commercial pesticides is using biological agents like fungi. Purpureocillium lilacinum was described more than a century ago and is a commonly occurring fungus in soil. P. lilacinum (syn: Paecilomyces lilacinus) is the most widely tested fungus for the control of nematodes, aphids and insects. The fungus was determined in Turkey but its molecular identification has not been done yet. In this study, a Turkish isolate of P. lilacinum was identified by classical (morphologic and morphometric properties) and molecular methods. Also, the study concerned with the effect of different conidial concentrations of the fungal isolate on mortality rates of CPB and PTM at different temperatures. P. lilacinumwas found to be most effective on the last larval instar of CPB and PTM (33.2 and 43.3% mortality, respectively) on 10th day of treatment with the fungal concentration of 108cfu ml-1at 25°C. This fungus developed on all dead larvae and was highly susceptible at the tested temperatures, but its activity decreased at 15°C. Findings of this study showed a potential of the fungus as a bioagent against the CPB and the PTM. © 2016, Egyptian Society for Biological Control of Pests. All rights reserved

Body mass index and complications following major gastrointestinal surgery: A prospective, international cohort study and meta-analysis

Aim Previous studies reported conflicting evidence on the effects of obesity on outcomes after gastrointestinal surgery. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship of obesity with major postoperative complications in an international cohort and to present a metaanalysis of all available prospective data. Methods This prospective, multicentre study included adults undergoing both elective and emergency gastrointestinal resection, reversal of stoma or formation of stoma. The primary end-point was 30-day major complications (Clavien–Dindo Grades III–V). A systematic search was undertaken for studies assessing the relationship between obesity and major complications after gastrointestinal surgery. Individual patient meta-analysis was used to analyse pooled results. Results This study included 2519 patients across 127 centres, of whom 560 (22.2%) were obese. Unadjusted major complication rates were lower in obese vs normal weight patients (13.0% vs 16.2%, respectively), but this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.863) on multivariate analysis for patients having surgery for either malignant or benign conditions. Individual patient meta-analysis demonstrated that obese patients undergoing surgery formalignancy were at increased risk of major complications (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.49–2.96, P < 0.001), whereas obese patients undergoing surgery for benign indications were at decreased risk (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.46–0.75, P < 0.001) compared to normal weight patients. Conclusions In our international data, obesity was not found to be associated with major complications following gastrointestinal surgery. Meta-analysis of available prospective data made a novel finding of obesity being associated with different outcomes depending on whether patients were undergoing surgery for benign or malignant disease