Hydrographic Training and Technical Assistance to Developing Countries - Norwegian Assistance to Mozambique

Norway has, through the Norwegian Agency for Development Assistance (NORAD), actively supported the Hydrographic organization of the Mozambique government since 1986. At the beginning, the Norwegian Hydrographic Service (NSKV) was brought in, as a consultant, for the first two years, with its own staff in Mozambique, then later, as a backup for a NORAD employed hydrographic surveyor. A new contract, effective from 1st January 1991, has been signed, this time between the Mozambican Organization, which is now called Instituto Nacional de Hidrografia e Navegaçâo (INAHINA) and NSKV. It is funded by NORAD, and NSKV has undertaken to build and develop INAHINA to such an extent that it will be able to continue operations and continue to perform satisfactorily after the withdrawal of NSKV-assistance

Corynoneurella Brundin

Corynoneurella Brundin Corynoneurella Brundin, 1949: 830; Langton 1997: 20. Corynoneura Winnertz, pro parte, Schlee 1968: 48.Published as part of Fu, Yue, Hestenes, Tor Christian & Saether, Ole, 2010, Review of Afrotropical Thienemanniella Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2338 on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19323

Corynoneurella afra Lehmann, comb. n.

<i>Corynoneurella afra</i> (Lehmann) comb. n. <p> <i>Thienemanniella afra</i> Lehmann, 1981: 22, Harrison 1992: 193 [Key].</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Kisangani, Sisimi-Bach, 13, J. Lehmann, 1975 (ZSM). Kisangani, Kies Yevll Sajd, 1 3, 11. iv. 1975, J. Lehmann, (ZSM).</p> <p> <b>Diagnostic characters</b>. The adult male has an antenna with flagellomeres 1–8 subrectangular in shape, while segments 9–11 are smaller and rounded. Antenna with 12 flagellomeres, apex rounded, AR about 0.25. Eyes bare, head with two postorbitals. Superior volsella not fused, inferior volsella small, caudally situated and well separated from superior volsella. Hind tibia with simple spur and smaller seta. Tergite I with 1 setae to each side. The pupa is 1.27 mm long; wing sheath without pearls; no taeniate L-setae on tergite I–III, tergites III–VI with very thick shagreen anteriorly and getting fewer posteriorly.</p> <p> <b>Male imago, as in Lehmann (1981) with the following additions (n = 1–2).</b></p> <p>Total length 1.28–1.30 mm. Wing length 0.54 mm. Total length/wing length 2.42. Wing length/profemur length 2.70. Wing width/wing length 0.48. Abdomen (Lehmann 1981 fig. 28) with tergites II–IV pale.</p> <p> <i>Head.</i> Eyes bare. AR 0.25–0.26. Antenna with flagellomeres 2–8 of about same size and form, 20–25 µm long; flagellomeres 9–11 small and rounded, 11–15 µm long. Ultimate flagellomere not broadened, with about 30 sensilla chaetica, 4–5 of basal sensilla chaetica unusually broad, apex rounded. Tentorium 106 µm long, with two basal extensions, one directed medially and one basally. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 15, 15–22, 24– 26, 36, 66–69. Palpomeres 5/3 2.6–2.9. Palpomere 2 and 3 elliptical, 4 slight broader and rectangular, 5 slender (Lehmann 1981 fig. 29). Sensilla clavata apparently lacking.</p> <p> <i>Wing</i> (Lehmann 1981 fig. 26). Anal lobe poorly developed. VR 1.86. An1/wing length 0.40. Pc/wing length 0.61. C/wing length 0.29, Cu/wing length 0.53. Costa with 7–9 uniserial marginal setae, posterior wing margin with alternating long and short setae, anterior margin with short strong setae.</p> <p> <i>Legs.</i> Fore trochanter with distinct dorsal keel. Spur of fore tibia 20–23 µm long, spurs of mid tibia 9 µm and 16 µm long, of hind tibia 20–21 µm and 14–16 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 15 µm, of mid tibia 18 µm, and of hind tibia (a) 26 µm. Width of hind tibia 1/3 from apex (d) 16 µm, elongation (b) 15 µm long, maximum thickening (c1) 26 µm long, total length of thickening (c2) 50 µm, a/d 1.63, b/d 0.94, c1/d 1.63, c2/d 3.10. Tarsomere 4 of legs subrectangular. Hind tibia with comb of 14 setae. Sensilla chaetica apparently lacking. Length of leg segments and their proportions as in Table 1.</p> <p> <b>TABLE 1</b>. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs segments of male <i>Corynoneurella afra</i> (Lehmann) comb. n. fe ti ta1 ta2 ta3 ta4</p> <p>p1 168–199 206–226 131–146 47–51 29–33 26</p> <p>p2 208–219 208–337 110–117 47–69 29 15–22</p> <p>p3 164–180 193–208 117 66–69 26–29 15–21 ta5 LR BV SV BR</p> <p>p1 29 0.65 2.83–2.95 3.63 1.4</p> <p>p 2 29–31 0.49–0.53 3.65–4.24 3.80–3.91 1.0–1.2</p> <p> p3 26 0.61–0.71 3.01–3.20 3.06–3.41 1.0–1.5 <i>Hypopygium</i> (Lehmann 1981 fig. 27). Tergite IX with numerous small setae. Superior volsella narrow, separate plates. Inferior volsella small, placed caudally, with thin glandular setae. Phallapodeme bent, with basal projections directed both orally and caudally. Transverse sternapodeme thick, 27 µm long. Gonocoxite 73µm long. Gonostylus 22–23 µm long. HR 3.20–3.37, HV 5.71–5.94.</p> <p>Pupa. Total length 1.27 mm. Exuviae pale, transparent with yellowish thorax.</p> <p> <i>Cephalothorax.</i> Frontal setae 14 µm long. Median antepronotals 21µm and 14 µm long. Lateral antepronotals 11 µm long. PcS1 11 µm long, PcS2 10 µm long. PcS1–3 not in a line; PcS1 4 µm from PcS2; PcS2 6 µm from PcS3; PcS1 7 µm from PcS3. Dorsocentrals Dc1 14 µm long. Dc l located 10 µm from Dc2, Dc2 located 25 µm from Dc3, Dc3 located 10 µm from Dc4. Wing sheath without pearls.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen.</i> Shagreen and chaetotaxy as illustrated in Lehmann (1981 fig. 35). Taeniate L-setae on tergites I–III absent; O-setae absent in all segments. Anal lobe 105 µm long. Anal lobe fringe with more than 10 shorter setae which almost transparent. Three anal macrosetae, all 131 µm long; median seta 104 µm long.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> The species is known only from Kisangani Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Lehmann 1981).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Lehmann’s (1981) description and drawings are accurate except that the anal macrosetae of the pupae are not taeniate, but apparently cylindrical at base and narrowly taeniate closer to apex.</p>Published as part of <i>Fu, Yue, Hestenes, Tor Christian & Saether, Ole, 2010, Review of Afrotropical Thienemanniella Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2338</i> on pages 2-3, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/193239">10.5281/zenodo.193239</a&gt

Thienemanniella

Key to known Afrotropical females of Thienemanniella 1. Two outer verticals present, tergite I with a patch of 3–4 setae............................................ T. trivittata Goetghebuer - Outer verticals absent, tergite I with patch of 1–2 setae............................................................................................... 2 2. Wings narrow; VR above 1.60; hind tibia with longest spur serrated; LR 1 about 0.80,................. T. lineola Freeman - Wings wide; VR less than 1.60; hind tibia with a simple, slightly S-shaped spur; LR 1 about 0. 70... T. fuga LehmannPublished as part of Fu, Yue, Hestenes, Tor Christian & Saether, Ole, 2010, Review of Afrotropical Thienemanniella Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2338 on page 21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19323

Thienemanniella

Key to known Afrotropical males of <i>Thienemanniella</i> <p> 1. Inferior volsella digitiform, bare, phallapodeme straight........................................................... <i>T. antennata</i> Freeman</p> <p>- Inferior volsella not digitiform, most often carrying thin glandular setae, phallapodeme curved............................... 2</p> <p> 2. Gonocoxite with large concavity for gonostylus, tergite IX with numerous long setae <i>........................ T. cavata</i> <b>sp. n.</b></p> <p>- Gonocoxite without such concavity for gonostylus, tergite IX without numerous long setae..................................... 3</p> <p> 3. Inferior volsella small, triangular with apodeme, tergite I with patch of 4–6 setae on each side................................... <i>................................................................................................................................................ T. trivittata</i> Goetghebuer</p> <p>- Inferior volsella a swelling or lobe with numerous inner setae, without apodeme; tergite I with 1–2 setae on each side................................................................................................................................................................................ 4</p> <p> 4. Antenna with 8 flagellomeres. Tergite II and III each with 1 seta (Lehmann 1979 figs 134, 136).... <i>T. fuga</i> Lehmann</p> <p>- Antenna with 10–12 flagellomeres. Tergite II and III with 3 or more setae................................................................. 5</p> <p> 5. Antenna with 10 flagellomeres, superior volsella narrow, not triangular, anteriorly fused, caudally in contact with inferior volsella................................................................................................................................ <i>T. lineola</i> Freeman</p> <p> - Antenna with 12 flagellomeres, superior volsella broad, triangular, anteriorly not fused, caudally not in contact with inferior volsella. (Lehmann 1979, figs 145, 147) <i>................................................................................ T. safi</i> Lehmann</p>Published as part of <i>Fu, Yue, Hestenes, Tor Christian & Saether, Ole, 2010, Review of Afrotropical Thienemanniella Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2338</i> on page 20, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/193239">10.5281/zenodo.193239</a&gt

Thienemanniella cavata Fu, Hestenes & Saether, 2010, sp. n.

Thienemanniella cavata sp. n. (Figs 2 A–G) Type material. Holotype 3, GHANA: Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo Falls, 13. ii. 1993, NUFU-project (J. Kjaerandsen) (ZMBN type nr. 354). Diagnostic characters. The adult male is separated from all other members of the genus by having a large cavity in the gonocoxite. It has a strongly curved phallapodeme, 10 flagellomeres and only small setae on tergite IX. Etymology: From Latin cavata, meaning cavity, referring to the cavity in the gonocoxite. Adult male(n = 1) Total length 0.95 mm. Wing length 0.61 mm. Wing width/wing length 0.34. Total length/wing length 1.51. Wing length/profemur length 3.26. Coloration. Head light brown, thorax brown, tergite I–IV pale, remaining tergites brown, sternites pale. Tergite VI and VII with median pale field. Head (Fig. 2 A–C). Eyes pubescent, hair length equals height of ommatid; height of eye/height of head 0.71. Antenna (Fig. 2 B) with 10 flagellomeres. Ultimate flagellomere broader than other segments, apex rounded or notched; flagellum with apical sensilla chaetica, and 2 setae basally. AR 0.26. Tentorium, stipes and cibarial pump as in Fig. 2 C; tentorium 120 µm long, stipes 81 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 17, 20, 32, 43, 75. Palpomere 5 / 3 ratio 2.4. Palpomere 2 with 1 sensillum clavatum. Clypeus with 8 setae. Thorax (Fig. 2 D). Anapleural suture 84 µm long, s/a 0.75. Antepronotals 4; dorsocentrals 11, uniserial; prealars 3; scutellars 4. Wing (Fig. 2 E). VR 1.31. One anal vein present, An 1 /wing length 0.37, PCu/wing length 0.58, Cu/wing length 0.46, C/wing length 0.35. Costa with 10 uniserial, marginal setae. Setation on remaining wing margin as for T. trivittata. Legs. Fore trochanter with small dorsal keel. Spur of fore tibia 21 µm long, spurs of mid tibia 11 µm and 8 µm. Hind tibia (Fig. 2 F), spurs serrated, 25 µm and 12 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 20 µm, of mid tibia 20 µm, of hind tibia (a) 25 µm. Width of hind tibia 1 / 3 from apex (d) 18 µm, elongation (b) 7 µm long, length of maximum thickening (c 1) 25 µm, total length of thickening (c 2) 37 µm, a/d 1.39, b/d 0.39, c 1 /d 1.00, c 2 /d 1.48. Hind tibia comb with 11 setae. Sensilla chaetica lacking on legs. Ta 1 of p 3 with 1 ventral row of 14 strong, short setae, and ventrolateral row of 16 similar, but shorter setae. Ta 1 of p 2 with ventral row of 5 short, strong setae. Ta 2–4 of p 3, and ta 2–3 of p 2 with weakly mesally curved, strong seta on ventral side of apex. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 3. Abdomen. Tergite I with 3 lateral setae and 1 mediolateral seta. Number of setae on tergites II–VII: 6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 4. Sternites at least with 1 seta medially on segment II–V, remaining segments damaged. fe ti ta 1 ta 2 ta 3 ta 4 ta 5 LR BV SV BR p 1 193 237 157 58 40 15 24 0.66 3.51 2.74 1.3 p 2 237 226 134 64 38 13 25 0.59 4.03 3.46 1.6 p 3 207 244 164 92 42 15 27 0.67 3.49 2.75 2.1 Distribution. The species is known from the type locality only, Kintampo Falls in Ghana. Kintampo Falls is situated just north of the dry Semi-Deciduous Fire Zone forest subtype (Hall & Swaine, 1981) and the rainfall does not exceed 1.000 mm per annum. The specimens were captured below the cascade. Here the river flows fast over rocks and stones (Kyerematen & Saether, 2000). Remarks. The large cavity on the gonocoxite is not seen in other Thienemanniella species known to us. This type of cavity on the gonocoxite is seen also in the orthoclad genera Orthocladius and Cricotopus. The morphology otherwise is clearly similar to other Thienemanniella species, the clavus, the superior volsella and genital apodemes conform to Thienemanniella. It is interesting to note that the ta 4 of all legs is not cordiform like in most of the other species in the genus, but of a more regular, square-type like in T. fuga (Lehmann 1979: Fig. 141).Published as part of Fu, Yue, Hestenes, Tor Christian & Saether, Ole, 2010, Review of Afrotropical Thienemanniella Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2338 on pages 6-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19323

Thienemanniella lineola Freeman

<i>Thienemanniella lineola</i> Freeman <p>(Figs 4 A–G; Figs 5 A–D)</p> <p> <i>Thienemanniella lineola</i> Freeman, 1953: 212; Freeman 1956: 367; Harrison 1992 [Key].</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province: Wellington, Berg River, Station 3, 1 3, 13.v.1952, K.M.F. Scott (BMNH). French Hoek, 2Ƥ, 22.x.1952, paratypes, K.M.F. Scott (BMNH); Kirsten Bosch, 1 3, 29.iv.1952, paratype, K. M. F. Scott (BMNH). Natal: Bushman`s River, Giant´s Castle Camp., 1 3, 14 – 30.ix.1953, A. D. Harrison (BMNH).</p> <p> <b>Diagnostic characters.</b> The adult male can be separated from the other members of the genus by the following combination of characters. It has 10 flagellomeres and only one anal vein on the wing. Superior volsella are fused and the inferior volsella shaped as a fleshy rounded lobe on the proximal half of the gonocoxite. Gonostylus is slender. Thorax has pale vittae. The first abdominal tergite has 2 setae in a patch mediolaterally to each side. The female is separated from the other members of the genus by having 3 strong setae on tergite IX, large seminal capsules, and 3 sensilla chaetica on ta2 of midleg.</p> <p>Adult male (n = 4, except when otherwise stated)</p> <p>Total length 1.18–1.30 (2) mm. Wing length 0.84–0.94 (3) mm. Total length/wing length 1.35–1.39 (2). Wing length/ length of profemur 3.62–3.77 (3). Wing width/wing length 0.37–0.39. Head yellow to orange; thorax light brown to hyaline with scutum, preepisternum, scutellum, postnotum and median anepisternum II dark brown, abdomen light brown, tergites VI and VIII with a paler area medially.</p> <p> <i>Head</i> (Figs 4 A–C). Eyes hairy, eye setae distinctly longer than height of ommatids, about 5 µm long; height of eye/height of head 0.65–0.68 (2). Antenna (Fig. 4 B) with 10 flagellomeres; ultimate flagellomere club-shaped with notched or rounded apex, with 6–7 basal setae and about 25 sensilla chaetica. AR 0.20–0.31 (3). Cibarial pump as in Fig. 4 C, not incurved; tentorium 113–129 (3) µm long, stipes 68–79 (3) µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 13–18 (3), 11–15 (3), 25–26 (3), 44 (1), 113 (1). Palpomere 5/ 3 ratio: 4.4 (1). Palpomere 3 elliptical, with 1 apical sensillum clavatum. Clypeus with 8–11 (3) setae. Outer verticals 0, coronals 4.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i>. Anapleural suture 117–132 µm long, s/a 0.60–0.66. Antepronotals absent; dorsocentrals 8–11, uniserial; prealars 2–4; scutellars 2.</p> <p> <i>Wing</i> (Fig. 4 D). VR 1.79–1.87. One anal vein present; An1/wing length 0.38–0.43; PCu/wing length 0.55– 0.62; C/wing length 0.32–0.37; Cu/wing length 0.43–0.47. C with 11–13 uniserial setae, wing setation otherwise as for <i>T. trivittata</i>.</p> <p> <i>Legs</i>. Fore trochanter with keel. Spur of fore tibia 18–25 µm long; mid tibia with 3 small subequal spurs 10–16 µm long; apex of hind tibia (Fig. 4 E) with serrated spur 25–29 µm long, smaller, strong spur 10–16 µm long and slight curved stiff seta about 15–20 µm long. Apex width (in µm): fore tibia 20–25, mid tibia 23–25, and hind tibia (a) 27–33. Width of hind tibia 1/3 from apex (d) 16–23 µm, elongation (b)15–19 µm long, maximum thickening (c1) at 27–34 µm from apex, total length of thickening (c2) 34–58 µm; a/d 1.44–1.69, b/ d 0.83–0.94, c1/1.26–2.00, c2/d 1.48–3.41. Hind tibial comb of 11 setae. Sensilla chaetica apparently absent. Ta1 of p2 with ventral row of 7–8 strong setae. Ta1 of p3 with two ventral rows of 6–8 strong setae, ta2 and ta3 with 1 strong apical seta ventrally, ta3 with 1 strong seta ventrally at 0.5 of length. Ta4 of all legs cordiform. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 6.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen.</i> Tergite I with 2+2 lateral setae. Tergites II–VIII 3–8, 5–6, 2–4, 3, 3,</p> <p>1–3, 0–1. Sternites II with 1–2 setae, sternites III–VII with 1 median seta.</p> <p> <i>Hypopygium</i> (Fig. 4 F). Sternite VIII bare; tergite IX with about 15–20 small setae about 10 µm long; laterosternites IX with 2–3 setae about 18 µm long. Thin glandular setae, 10–15 µm long on inferior volsella and inner margin of gonocoxite. Superior volsella narrow, fused anteriorly. Inferior volsella rounded fleshy lobes on proximal half of gonocoxite, in contact with superior volsella. Phallapodeme 32–36 µm long, slightly curved. Transverse sternapodeme 27–34 µm long, lateral sternapodeme 29–38 µm long. Gonostylus slender, with strong megaseta 9–10 µm long. HR 2.29–2.81; HV 3.05–3.81 (2).</p> <p>Adult female (n = 1–2)</p> <p>Total length 1.08 mm. Wing length 0.77–0.88 mm. Total length/wing length 1.23. Wing length/profemur length 4.23–5.39. Wing width/wing length 0.36–0.37. Head yellow to light brown, thorax as for male, abdomen pale.</p> <p> <i>Head</i> (Fig. 5 A). Eyes hairy, hairs as for male. Height of eye/height of head 0.42–0.45. Flagellomere lengths (in µm): 25–36, 23–27, 27–30, 28–34, 49–51. AR 0.40–0.49. Ultimate flagellomere with about 15–20 sensilla chaetica in apical two-thirds. Tentorium broad ventrally with median extension, tentorium 79–83 µm long, stipes 68–83 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 11, 13–15, 22, 33–36, 77–84. Palpomere 5/ 3 ratio: 2.40–2.54; palpomere 3 round, 1 sensillum clavatum on inner part of apex. Clypeus with 7–8 setae. Outer verticals absent, coronals 4.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i> (Fig. 5 B). Anapleural suture 80 µm long. Ratio s/a 0.61–0.65. Dorsocentrals 9, uniserial; prealars 2; scutellar 1, dorsally.</p> <p> <i>Wing</i> (Fig. 4 G). VR 1.63–1.77. One anal vein present, An1/wing length 0.48–0.49; PCu/wing length 0.57– 0.60; C 389–514, 472 µm long; C/wing length 0.56; Cu 380–394 µm long; Cu/wing length 0.46–0.51. Brachiolum with 1 seta. Costal margin with 12–16 biserial setae on apical 1/2 and 7–8 uniserial setae on basal 1/2, totally 19–24 setae.</p> <p> <i>Legs.</i> Fore trochanter with dorsal keel. Fore tibia with serrated spur 20–23µm, mid tibia with spurs 14 and 9–10, hind tibia with serrated spurs 25–27 µm and 10 (1) µm long. Apex width (in µm): of fore tibia 20, of mid tibia 20–23, of hind tibia (a) 29–33. Width of hind tibia 1/3 from apex (d) 20–25 µm, elongation (b) 11–15 µm long, length of maximum thickening (c1) 25–27 µm, total length of thickening (c2) 36–52 µm; a/d 1.27– 1.48, b/d 0.57–0.59, c1/d1.00–1.36, c2/d 1.82–2.09. Hind tibial comb with 12 setae. Ta2 of frontleg1 with 1 ventral strong setae subapically, ta4 with 2 mesally curved seta apically. Ta1 of hind leg with two ventral rows of 7 strong setae, ta3 with 1 strong ventral setae at 0.47 of length, ta2 with 2 strong seta and 1 strong apical seta, all ventrally. Mid ta2 with 3 sensilla chaetica at 0.52–0.56 to 0.78–0.81 of length. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 7.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen.</i> Tergite I with 1 setae to each side. Number of setae on tergites II–VII not countable.</p> <p> <i>Genitalia</i> (Figs 5 C–D). Tergite IX with 3 large setae caudally, gonocoxites IX with 2 smaller setae. Segment X with numerous small spine-like microtrichia, forming caudally extending rectangular socket for cerci, with a small insertion medially. Gonapophysis VIII not divided at surface, apparently with subcuticular traces of such division. Elliptical postgenital plate hinged to anterior ventral margin of segment X, caudally to gonapophysis VIII, carrying fine spine like microtrichia. Internally below seminal eminence paired labia, forming the floor of vaginal cavity. Large bursa with faint sclerotized walls dorsal to gonapophysis VIII. Seminal capsules large, 68 µm long, 36 µm wide; oblong oval-shaped; somewhat pointed tip in distal end; prominent neck 10 µm long; seminal ducts fused 12 µm anterior to eminence. Coxosternapodeme thick, curved in whole length, no anterior lamella. Cercus length 32 µm. Notum length 50 µm, ramus broadened anterior and posterior.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> The species is known from Cape Province, Transvaal and Natal in South Africa, and from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also known from the Ethiopian Highlands (Harrison 1992).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Two of the males and females in Freeman’s material were misidentified and belong to <i>T. fuga</i>. The arrangement of the inferior volsella in this species is as a basal swelling of the inner gonocoxite, which is the most common type of inferior volsella seen in <i>Thienemanniella</i>. The labia of the female is very like the labia of <i>Psectrocladius (Allopsectrocladius) flavus</i> Johannsen as showed in Saether (1977 fig 41 C), although differing in many other details.</p>Published as part of <i>Fu, Yue, Hestenes, Tor Christian & Saether, Ole, 2010, Review of Afrotropical Thienemanniella Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2338</i> on pages 11-15, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/193239">10.5281/zenodo.193239</a&gt

Thienemanniella trivittata Goetghebuer

<i>Thienemanniella trivittata</i> Goetghebuer <p>(Figs 6 A–M; Figs 7 A–E)</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, French Hoek, 1 3, 5 ƤƤ, 22.x.1952, K. M. F Scott; paratypes of <i>T. analis</i> Freeman (BMNH). Cape Province, Wellington, Berg River, 1 3 and 1 Ƥ, 28.ix.1953, K. M. F. Scott (BMNH). Natal, Bushman`s River, Giant`s Castle Camp, 1 3, 14 –30.ix.1953, A. D. Harrison (BMNH).</p> <p> <b>Diagnostic characters.</b> The species is separable from all other Afrotropical members of the genus except <i>T. cavata</i> <b>sp. n.</b> by having two outer verticals. However, it differs in having two ventrolateral patches of 4–6 (male) and 3–4 (female) setae on tergite I. Both male and female imagines have wings with well developed anal lobe. The adult male has 12 flagellomeres and a small inferior volsella with apodeme. The adult female has a well developed tergite IX with about 18 caudal setae, rami slightly broadened into oval shape, and each gonocoxapodeme split both orally and caudally.</p> <p>Adult male (n = 4)</p> <p>Total length 1.34–1.45 mm. Wing length 0.80–0.98 mm. Wing width/wing length 0.38–0.42 (2). Total length/wing length 1.48–1.71. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.93–3.71.</p> <p> <i>Coloration</i>. As in Freeman, 1956, but paler due to long time storage on needles prior to slide preparation.</p> <p> <i>Head</i> (Figs 6 A–C). Eyes hairy; height of eye/height of head 0.56–0.62. AR 0.21–0.28. Antenna with 12 flagellomeres; length of ultimate flagellomere equals preceding 2.5–3, flagellum apically club-shaped, with maximum width 21–28 µm. Ultimate flagellomere apically rounded or notched with numerous apical sensilla chaetica situated from 0.67–0.72 of segment to apex, and 10–16 basal setae at inner part. Tentorium, stipes and cibarial pump as in Fig. 6 C; tentorium 134–191 µm long, stipes 72–102 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 18–25, 15–22, 33–40, 44–58, 102–109. Palpomere 5/3 3.0–3.2; palpomere 3 elliptical, apically thicker then inner part. Sensilla clavata lacking. Clypeus with 9–13 setae. Outer verticals 2, coronals 4.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i> (Fig. 6 D). Anapleural suture 126–149 (3) µm long, s/a 0.58–0.65 (2). Antepronotals 2 (not show in the figure), dorsocentrals 10–20, uniserial, bi- or triserial anterior, uniserial posterior; prealars 3–4, scutellars 3–6.</p> <p> <i>Wing</i> (Fig. 6 E). VR 1.67–1.87 (3). Two anal veins present, An2/wing length 0.13–0.16 (2), An1/wing length 0.43–0.52 (3). PCu/wing length 0.53–0.59 (3), Cu 379–508 (3) µm long, Cu/wing length 0.44–0.51 (3), C 301–347 (3) µm long, C/wing length 0.34–0.35 (3). Costal margin with 14–21, 18 uniserial setae, remaining anterior margin with shorter strong seta, posterior wing margin with alternating long and short hair-like setae.</p> <p> <i>Legs.</i> Fore trochanter without keel. Spur of fore tibia 21–26 (3) µm long, serrated. Mid tibia with 3 spurs, 9–13 µm, 13–16 µm and 20–21 (3) µm long. Hind tibia (Fig. 5 F) with strong simple spur 26–27 (2) µm long and strong seta 15–20 (3) µm long. Apex of fore tibia 25–26 (3) µm wide, of mid tibia 24–31 (3) µm wide, of hind tibia (a) 37–39 (2) µm wide. Width of hind tibia 1/3 from apex (d) 27–31 (2) µm, elongation length (b) 16–18 (2) µm, length of maximum thickening (c1) 34 (2) µm, total length of thickening (c2) 48–57 (2) µm; a/d 1.25–1.37 (2); b/d 0.51–0.66 (2); c1/d 1.10–1.26 (2); c2/d 1.77–1.84 (2). Hind tibial comb of 16 (2) setae. Sensilla chaetica absent. Ta1 of foreleg with ventral row of 7–8 (2) strong setae, ta2 with dorsal row of 6 (1) strong setae, ta2 and ta3 with 1 strong seta apically. Ta1 of midleg with ventral row of 11 (2) strong setae, ta2 with ventral row of 5–6 (2) strong setae, ta3 and ta4 with inwards curved seta to each side apically. Ta1 of hind leg with a ventral row of 9–12 (2) strong setae and anteroventral row of 9–10 strong setae, ta2 with 4 (1) ventral and 1 apical strong setae, ta3 with 1 ventral and 1 apical strong seta, ta4 with 2 apical setae. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 8.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen</i> (Fig. 6 G). Tergite VI and VII with median pale field. Tergite I with 4–6 setae laterally on each side. Number of setae of tergites II–VII: 7–8, 7–8, 6–8, 6–7, 9, 7. Tergite VIII with 1 seta on each side, 0–2 medially, sternites bare.</p> <p> <i>Hypopygium</i> (Fig. 6 H). Sternite VIII bare, tergite IX with numerous small setae, laterosternites IX with 1 seta. Gonocoxite IX with 9–15 strong setae dorsally and laterally, 2–5 smaller, glandular setae on ventral surface, inner margin with long thin glandular setae. Superior volsella narrow, anteriomedially fused, posteriorly in contact with inferior volsella by thin apodeme. Superior volsella partly subdivided in anterior and posterior part. Inferior volsella small, pointed triangular edge medially with apodeme, about 5 µm wide, is protruding over phallapodeme. Phallapodeme strongly curved, length 47–66 µm, with lateral projections. Transverse sternapodeme narrow and very thin 20–25 µm, lateral sternapodeme 35–52 µm long. Gonocoxite 97–127 µm long. Gonostylus 36–46 µm long, stout megaseta 6–7 µm long. HR 2.30–2.95, HV 3.04–3.77.</p> <p>Adult female (n = 5–6)</p> <p>Total length 1.01–1.45, 1.32 mm. Wing length 0.79–0.95, 0.88 mm. Wing width/wing length 0.44–0.48, 0.46. Total length/wing length 1.32–1.71, 1.49. Wing length/profemur length 3.15–4.01, 3.51.</p> <p> <i>Coloration.</i> As in Freeman (1956).</p> <p> <i>Head</i> (Fig. 7 A). Eyes hairy. Height of eye/height of head 0.56–0.77, 0.65. AR 0.41–0.46. Length of flagellomeres (in µm): 33–42, 38; 33–38, 35; 35–44, 38; 31–33, 32; 59–63, 61. Ultimate flagellomere with 18–26, 22 apical sensilla chaetica, no basal setae. Tentorium 111–128, 120 µm long, stipes 70–111, 97 (3) µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 15–18, 16; 18–22, 20; 29–36, 33; 29–51, 43; 98–117, 107. Palpomere 5/3 ratio: 2.7–4.0, 3.3; palpomere 3 elliptical to rectangular, apparently no sensilla clavata. Clypeus with 11–14, 13 setae. Outer verticals 2, coronals 4.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i> (Fig. 7 C). Anapleural suture 128–154, 141 µm long, s/a 0.51–0.64, 0.57 Dorsocentrals 16–24, 21, tri- or bi serial anteriorly, uniserial posteriorly; prealars 4–7, 4; scutellars 3–9, 4.</p> <p> <i>Wing</i> (Fig. 7 B). VR 1.50–1.63, 1.56. Two anal veins present, An2/wing length 0.11–0.15, 0.13; An1/wing length 0.37–0.44, 0.41; PCu/wing length 0.51–0.63, 0.55; Cu 333–417, 388 µm long, Cu/wing length 0.42– 0.44, 0.44; C 389–514, 472 µm long; C/wing length 0.49–0.55, 0.53. Costa with 39–47, 43 marginal setae biserial distally, uniserial basally, other wing margin setation as for male.</p> <p> <i>Legs.</i> Fore trochanter without keel. Fore tibial spur serrated, 17–23 (3) µm long. Mid tibia spurs 15–20, 18 (4) µm and 14–16, 15 (4) µm long. Hind tibial spur, simple 30–43, 36 (5) µm long, lateral spur 17–20 (3) µm and a strong seta, 16–20 (2) µm long, slightly medially curved at tip. Fore tibial apex 25–32, 30 µm wide, mid tibia 26–43, 32 µm, hind tibia (a) 34–40, 38 µm. Width of hind tibia 1/3 from apex (d) 26–38, 32 µm, elongation length (b) 21–25, 23 µm, length of maximum thickening (c1) 36–40, 38 µm, total length of thickening (c2) 55–64, 58 µm; a/d 1.00–1.31, 1.17; b/d 0.58–0.85, 0.70; c1/d 0.95–1.38, 1.18; c2/d 1.25–2.11, 1.67. Hind tibial comb with 15 (3) setae. Sensilla chaetica on ta1 of midleg and ta1 and ta2 of hind leg. Mid leg: 9–10 at 0.27–0.29 to 0.85 (3) of leg, and hind leg: 7–8 at 0.40–0.45 to 0.79–0.85 of ta1, and 5–7 at 0.17–0.28 to 0.89–1.0 of ta2. Ta1 of foreleg with a ventral row of 7–8 (2) strong setae, ta2 with dorsal row of 4–6 (2) strong setae, ta2 and ta3 with 1 strong setae apically. Ta1 of midleg with ventral row of 8–10 (2) strong setae and 2 apical, strong setae, ta3 with ventral row of 4–6 (2) stiff setae. Ta1 of hind leg with a ventral row of 9–12, 11 strong setae, ta2 with 2 apical, slight inwards curved setae and 1 strong seta subapically, ta3 with 2 strong ventral setae and 1 apical strong setae, ta4 with 1 ventral setae at middle. Tarsomere 4 slightly cordiform. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 9.</p> <p>fe ti ta1 ta2 ta3 ta4</p> <p>p1 201–306, 256 237–305, 277 157–211, 195 51–113, 76 26–51, 41 15–28, 20 p2 273–390, 326 259–333, 299 182–226, 198 73–106, 91 33–68, 45 15–46, 23 p</p> <p>3</p> <p>255–361, 310 277–379, 339 179–248, 205 102–138, 120 33–54, 41 15–28, 19</p> <p>ta5 LR BV SV BR</p> <p>p 1 28–37, 32 0.58–0.75, 0.68 3.53–4.70, 4.16 2.76–3.32, 2.87 1.2–2.4, 1.4 p 2 28–40, 33 0.58–0.74, 0.67 3.67–4.79, 4.17 2.92–3.95, 3.10 1.0–2.8, 1.7 p 3 27–33, 31 0.48–0.68, 0.61 3.53–4.95, 3.93 2.86–3.95, 3.18 2.0–3.0, 2.3</p> <p> <i>Abdomen.</i> Abdomen broad. Tergite I with 3–4 setae on each side. Number of setae on tergites II–VIII as: 7–8, 5–9, 5–9, 7–9, 8, 5–6. No setae on sternites.</p> <p> <i>Genitalia</i> (Figs 7 D–E). Gonapophysis VIII possibly subdivided mesally with parts in contact, more laterally and posteriorly a lobe or flap in contact with postgenital lobe externally covered with fine hairshaped microtrichia. Labia is a pair of very thin small lobes covered by ventrolateral lobes, below the spermathecal eminence. Postgenital lobe externally covered with spine-like microtrichia, hinged to segment X posteriorly making a flexible lid for the vaginal structures. Membrane thin, Y-shaped, situated anterior of spermathecal eminence, with cavity in basal portion for seminal ducts. Separate eminence for each seminal duct. Sternite VIII with 0 setae, tergite IX well developed, with 16–19, 18 setae all caudally and dorsally situated on small humps, gonocoxite IX with 2 setae. Internally and somewhat anterior of postgenital lobe a large heart-shaped bursa, possible subdivided in two, with finely thin sclerotized walls. Sclerotized rami are supporting the walls of this bursa. The cavity between gonapophysis VIII and labia is thus forming a copulatory bursa, anteriorly connected by sclerotized vagina to the openings of the spermathecal eminence. Gonocoxapodeme straight, narrow medially broader laterally. Coxosternapodeme split anteriorly, connected to rami and more posterior and dorsally to the apodeme of possible egg-chamber; posterior and more laterally supporting the gonocoxite. Cercus 39–54, 44 µm long. Notum length 52–91, 63 µm long. Seminal capsules 45–67, 54 µm long, 23–33, 26 µm wide.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> The species is known from Cape Province, Natal and Transvaal in South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Africa. It is also known from Australia (Freeman & Cranston, 1980).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Inferior volsella with an apodeme is also seen in the Nearctic species <i>T. lobapodema</i> and <i>T. antennata</i> although of a different type. The very clear and beautiful female specimens provided the opportunity to assess the fine structures of the genitalia in more detail than in previous studies. The large sclerotized bursa, possible for egg-storage, corresponds to a similar structure in <i>Corynoneura</i>. The arrangement of the labia and spermathecal eminence is quite similar to what is the case for <i>Heterotrissocladius hirtapex</i> Saether (1977, Fig 55: E).</p> <p> <b>Concluding remarks</b>. The Afrotropical males of <i>Thienemanniella</i> (and <i>Onconeura</i>) can easily be separated from <i>Corynoneura</i> by the shape of the transverse sternapodeme, straight or weakly U-shaped in <i>Thienemanniella</i> and Y-shaped or strongly U shaped in <i>Corynoneura</i>.</p> <p> The cavity in the gonocoxite in <i>T. cavata</i> is not seen in other <i>Thienemanniella</i> or related genera.</p> <p> The structure referred to as the superior volsella seems to be homologous within <i>Thienemanniella</i>, always appearing as a thin sclerotized plate or plates, grayish, yellowish or more hyaline, in the area caudal to the transverse sternapodeme. In some species it is divided into two lobes (e.g. <i>T. safi</i>), but in others it is joined anteriorly as seen in most of the species. In <i>T. safi</i>, according to Lehmann (1979) and <i>T. cavata</i> the lower edge of the superior volsella is more sclerotized and apodeme like. These plates seem to have the same appearance as the anterior directed plate of the phallapodeme in other orthoclad genera, suggesting a possible origin of this structure. It is tempting to suggest that the plesiomorphous state for this character is the divided plate.</p> <p> Inferior volsella is most often seen as a basal lobe of the gonocoxite (<i>T. lineola</i>, <i>T. fuga</i>), sometimes this lobe is situated more caudally, larger as in <i>T. majuscula</i> Edwards (Palaearctic) and the Neotropical <i>T. liae</i> Paggi (Paggi 2007: 247). <i>T. trivittata</i> and <i>T. antennata</i> have an inferior volsella with internal apodeme and without any setae. <i>T. lobapodema</i> from the Nearctic region and <i>T. antennata</i> are unique in the digitiform inferior volsella and other features thus suggesting a close relationship in phylogeny.</p> <p>Harrison (1992) argues that the presence of clavus is an adaptation to minute size. This view can possibly be supported by novelties in the collections of the Museum of Zoology, Bergen. Of importance for the future phylogenetic analysis of the group is especially the knowledge of the female genital structure, which analyzed under advanced microscopic techniques will provide many valuable characters. The presence of an eggchamber is not known from chironomids before. Also more data from larvae and pupae of the species will provide information for phylogenetic analysis of the genera and species relationships.</p> <p> The small size and reduced chaetotaxy, and loss of antennal flagellomeres have been suggested as adaptations to tropical climate (Saether 1996, Saether & Andersen 1996). Five of the six Afrotropical species have an antennal ratio lower than 0.30, three have a wing length lower than 0.70 mm, and four species have 8– 10 flagellomeres, all lower or less than the known Western Palaearctic and Nearctic species of <i>Thienemanniella</i> (Goetghebuer & Lenz 1935, Schlee 1968, Hestenes & Saether 2000).</p>Published as part of <i>Fu, Yue, Hestenes, Tor Christian & Saether, Ole, 2010, Review of Afrotropical Thienemanniella Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2338</i> on pages 15-20, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/193239">10.5281/zenodo.193239</a&gt

Thienemanniella fuga Lehmann 1979

<i>Thienemanniella fuga</i> Lehmann, 1979 <p>(Figs 3 A–G)</p> <p> <i>Thienemanniella fuga</i> Lehmann, 1979: 47; Harrison 1992: 193 [Key].</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Kinsangani, 1 3, 16. iii. 1975, J. Lehmann. TANZANIA: Tanga province, West Usumbara Mountains, Mazumbai, Kaputu Stream, Station 7, 2 3, Malaise trap, 4–13. xii. 1990, ZMB`s Tanzania Expedition. SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Lydenburg district, Waterval, Santa River, 2 males, 2 ƤƤ, iv–v. 1955, A. D. Harrison (BMNH).</p> <p> <b>Diagnostic characters.</b> The adult male has 8 flagellomeres sometimes with incomplete separation of the two ultimate segments. It is separable from the other Afrotropical species, except <i>T. trivittata</i>, by having a thin, anteriorly curved transverse sternapodeme. However, it differs from <i>T. trivittata</i> in having inferior volsella as a median lobe of the gonocoxite. The female can be separated from other Afrotropical species by having one anal vein and a well developed anal lobe on the wing. The ramus is narrow and elliptical.</p> <p>Adult male as in Lehmann (1979) with the following additions (n = 3–4):</p> <p>Total length 0.91–1.17 mm. Wing length 0.65–0.70 mm. Total length/wing length 1.40–1.67. Wing length/ length of profemur 3.15–3.31. Wing width/wing length 0.44–0.48.</p> <p> <i>Coloration.</i> Head pale. Thorax with scutellum, upper antepronotum, upper scutum, preepisternum and anterior and median anepisternum II light brown; vittae pale. Abdomen with light brown to yellow tergites, sternites pale. Tergites VI and VII with median, pale field.</p> <p> <i>Head</i> (Figs 3 B–C). Eyes hairy, hairs relatively long, about 8 µm; height of eye/height of head 0.64–0.68. Antenna (Fig. 3 C) with 8 flagellomeres, flagellomere 7 and 8 partly to fully separated. Ultimate flagellomere club-shaped with notched or rounded apex, maximum width 19–24 (2) µm, with 13–17 apical sensilla chaetica, no setae. AR 0.24–0.27. Tentorium, stipes and cibarial pump as in Fig. 46; tentorium 113–128 µm long, stipes 64–70 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 15–20, 11–14, 22–27, 40–50, 98–117 (2). Palpomere 5/3 5.0–5.4 (2), palpomere 3 ovoid, palpomere 4 broad and rectangular, palpomere 5 thin and slender. Single sensillum clavatum located subapically on lateral side. Clypeus with 8–9 setae. Verticals absent, coronals 4.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i> (Fig. 3 D). Anapleural suture 93–104 (3) µm long. Antepronotals 1, dorsocentrals 8–9 uniserial, prealars 3, scutellars 1–2.</p> <p> <i>Wing</i> (Fig. 3 A). VR 1.47–1.57 (2). Wing wide, anal lobe very weak. One anal vein present, An1/wing length 0.51–0.60 (2); PCu/wing length 0.49 (2); C/wing length 0.32–0.33 (2); Cu/wing length 0.30–0.40. Brachiolum with 1 seta and apparently 3 sensilla campaniformes; C with 9–11 setae. Setation on remaining wing margin as for <i>T. trivittata.</i></p> <p> <i>Legs</i>. Fore trochanter with distinct dorsal keel. Spur of fore tibia 15–19 µm long, spurs of mid tibia 14–20 µm and 7–14 µm long. Hind tibia with curved seta 14–20 µm long, spurs 18–27 µm and 12–16 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 18–20 µm, of mid tibia 20–25 µm, of hind tibia (a) 26–28 µm. Width of hind tibia 1/3 from apex (d)19–20 µm, elongation (b)14–16 µm long, length of maximum thickening (c1) 25–34 µm, total length of thickening (c2) 47–61 µm, a/d 1.30–1.53, b/d 0.70–0.84, c1/d 1.32–1.70, c2/d 2.35–3.21. Hind tibial comb with 11–12 setae. Ta1–2 of p2 with apical sensilla chaetica ventrally. Ta1 of p3 with two ventral rows of 5 and 7 strong, short setae; ta2 with 1 ventral strong seta at 0.43 of length, and 1 strong seta apically; ta3 with 1 apical strong setae. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 4.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen.</i> Tergite I with 2 setae laterally on each side. Number of setae on tergites II–VIII: 3, 3, 2–3, 2, 2, 3, 1–2.</p> <p> <i>Hypopygium</i> (Fig. 3 E). Sternite VIII 1–2 setae; tergite IX with 2 small setae; latero-sternites IX without setae; tergite IX with a small, flexible, triangular hump-like extension. Gonocoxite IX with 3–4 large setae, all caudally, 5–6 smaller glandular setae ventrally. Superior volsella very narrow, anteromedially fused, posteriorly separated from inferior volsella. Inferior volsella small, subrectangular, with round corners, broadest posteriorly, carrying thin glandular setae. Tip of phallapodeme bent 90° caudally. No basal projections on phallapodeme, length 29 µm (2). Transverse sternapodeme slightly curved upwards as for <i>T. trivittata</i>, thin, 28–33 µm broad. Gonocoxite length 82–88 µm. Gonostylus slender, 25–32 µm long; megasetae stout, 7 µm long. HR 2.79–3.18, HV 3.47–4.41.</p> <p>Adult female (n = 1–2)</p> <p>Total length 0.83–0.98 mm. Wing length 0.69–0.72 mm. Total length/wing length 1.15–1.33. Wing length/ length of profemur 4.72–4.82. Color as for male except paler.</p> <p> <i>Head.</i> Eyes hairy; eye hairs as for male. Height of eye/height of head 0.69. Antenna with 5 flagellomeres, flagellomere lengths (in µm): 26–27, 25–27, 27–29, 25–26, 50–52; AR 0.48 (2). Ultimate flagellomere with apical sensilla chaetica and no setae. Tentorium 133–139 µm long, stipes 91–116 µm long, maximum 7 µm wide. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 15–18, 9–11, 22–24, 27–37, 107–113. Palpomere 5/3 ratio 4.5–5.1. Palpomere 2 small, palpomere 3 round, palpomere 4 and 5 slender. Single sensillum clavatum placed subapically. Clypeus with 6 (2) setae. Verticals absent, coronals 4.</p> <p> <i>Thorax.</i> Anapleural suture 76–91µm long, s/a 0.64. Antepronotals 0, dorsocentrals 9–10 uniserial, prealars 3, scutellars 0.</p> <p> <i>Wing</i> (Fig. 3 F). VR 1.47–1.57 (2). Wing shape as for male, but broad with one anal vein, An1/wing length 0.51–0.60 (2), PCu/wing length 0.49 (2), C/wing length 0.32–0.33 (2), Cu/wing length 0.30–0.40. Brachiolum with 1 seta and 3 apparently sensilla campaniformes, C with 17–20 uniserial setae. Setation on wing margin as for male.</p> <p> <i>Legs.</i> Fore trochanter with distinct dorsal keel. Spur of fore tibia 16–20 µm long; spurs of mid tibia 11–20 µm and 14–23µm long; hind tibia with longest spur slightly S-shaped, simple, 16–23 µm long, and straight spur, 11–18 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 16–18 µm, of mid tibia 20–25 µm, of hind tibia (a) 25–27 µm. Width of hind tibia 1/3 from apex (d) 19–20 µm, elongation length (b) 14–16 µm, length of maximum thickening (c1) 25–34 µm, total length of thickening (c2) 47–61 µm; a/d 1.30–1.53; b/d 0.70–0.84; c1/d 1.32– 1.70; c2/d 2.35–3.21. Hind tibial comb of 11–12 setae. Single sensillum chaeticum placed apically on ta1–4 of p2. Ta1–4 of p1 with 1 strong apical seta ventrally. Ta1 of p3 with 1 ventral row of 6, and 1 lateral row of 8 strong short setae, ta2 with 2 ventral strong, short setae; ta 3 with 1 ventral strong short seta at 0.50 of length; ta1–4 all with 1 strong seta apically on ventral side. Ta4 of all legs cordiform. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 5.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen.</i> Tergite I with 2 setae in patch mediolaterally on each side. Number of setae of tergites II–VII: 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 1. Sternite I and VIII without setae, sternite II–VII with 1 short seta medially.</p> <p> <i>Genitalia</i> (Fig. 3 G). Sternite VIII bare, tergite IX with 1 setae to each side at caudal margin, gonocoxite IX with 1 setae. Segment X large and rectangular. Coxosternapodeme straight, narrower than for <i>T. trivittata</i>. Gonocoxapodeme high (about 45 µm), slender, S-shaped. Cercus 27–35 µm long. Notum length 27 µm, ramus narrow and long, length of gonapophysis IX 97 µm. Seminal capsules 40–46 µm long, 20 µm wide. Postgenital lobe circular, covered with spine-like microtrichia, internally below it a large sac-like finely sclerotized bursa with projecting parts anterolaterally. Labia invisible. Gonapophysis VIII possible subdivided mesally, covered with fine hair-like microtrichia.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> The locality in Tanzania is a small stream located in moist mountainous rain forest. The substrate in the stream was mainly gravel and mud (Andersen & Johanson, 1992). In the Democratic Republic of the Congo Lehmann (1979) found his specimens in a stream with strong current. From South Africa the species is known from the Santa River in Lydenburg District.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> The specimens from Tanzania and South Africa clearly conform to <i>T. fuga</i>, but there is some difference from Lehmann’s description in the tergite setation, probably due to intraspecific variation.</p>Published as part of <i>Fu, Yue, Hestenes, Tor Christian & Saether, Ole, 2010, Review of Afrotropical Thienemanniella Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2338</i> on pages 8-11, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/193239">10.5281/zenodo.193239</a&gt

Thienemanniella Kieffer

Thienemanniella Kieffer Thienemanniella Kieffer, 1911: 201; Schlee 1968 pro parte. Generic diagnosis as Cranston et al. (1983, 1989), Coffman et al. (1986) and Hestenes & Saether (2000), except that the anterior setae (S I) of the larva as shown by Schmid (1993) are bifid not simple.Published as part of Fu, Yue, Hestenes, Tor Christian & Saether, Ole, 2010, Review of Afrotropical Thienemanniella Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2338 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19323