Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Profile of n-Hexane Fraction of Viola betonicifolia

Purpose: To evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of n-hexane extract of the whole plant of Viola betonicifolia Sm, family: Violaceace.Methods: The n-hexane fraction of Viola betonicifolia (VBHF) was tested for its analgesic and antiinflammatory activities (carrageenan-induced and histamine-induced edema models) in BALB/c mice.Results: VBHF exhibited significant (p < 0.01) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity at test doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg. The analgesic effect of VBHF was dose-dependent in acetic acid pain modelwhile the extract was a weak analgesic at the dose of 300 mg/kg in hot plate and tail immersion test. Diclofenac sodium and tramadol showed better analgesic properties to the extract. Analgesia was not antagonized by naloxone in the hot plate model. Anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced edema was 60.8 %; however, histamine-induced inflammation was not antogonised by the extract.Conclusions: The extract has some analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. This justifies its use in traditional medicine for pain of management.Keywords: Viola betonicifolia, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory

2-(tert-Butoxy­carbonyl­amino)-2-(2-fluoro­phen­yl)acetic acid

The title compound, C13H16FNO4, consists of conventional, centrosymmetric carboxyl­ate dimers. These dimers form infinite polymeric chains due to inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. The 2-fluoro­phenyl unit is disordered over two sets of sites with an ocupancy ratio of 0.915 (3):0.085 (3)

Assessment of Heavy Metal Content of Branded Pakistani Herbal Products

Purpose: To investigate the heavy metals present in branded Pakistani herbal medicines used in the management of various human ailments.Method: The herbal dosage forms assessed were tablets, capsules and syrups. The samples were prepared for analysis by wet digestion method using nitric acid and perchloric acid treatment and then analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer.Results: Most of the products exceeded the permissible limits for lead (100 %), cadmium (68 %), chromium (96 %) and nickel (100 %). However, the contents of copper, manganese, zinc and iron were below toxic limits in several of the products. Some of the products, including Arq-e-badian, Bazori, Banafsha and Arq-Mako, exhibited toxic concentration of almost all the metals assessed.Conclusion: There is need to design suitable quality control parameters for the validation of herbal products and/or implement already existing rules and regulations for the safety of end-users.Keywords: Heavy metals, Branded herbal products, Validation, Toxicit

2-(2-Methyl­anilino)-N′-(propan-2-yl­idene)acetohydrazide

The conformation of the title compound, C12H17N3O, is consolidated by an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond, generating an S(5) ring. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯O inter­actions occur, resulting in R 2 2(8) ring motifs

Biomonitoring of heavy metal contamination in Pongamia pinnata and Peltophorum pterocarpum growing in the polluted environment of Karachi, Pakistan

Determination of some of the important heavy metals like lead andcadmium was carried out in the city environment of Karachi. Foliageparts of two roadside trees, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merrill andPeltophorum pterocarpum D.C. Backer ex K. were used to carry outsuch investigation. Five roadside points were selected for the studyin different parts of the city. The investigations showed that highlevel of lead and cadmium was found in the foliage of P. pinnataand P. pterocarpum, which were growing along the busy roads of thecity. The level of Pb and Cd in the foliage of the above mentionedtrees was quite high at M.A. Jinnah road as compared to Shahrahe-Faisal, Nazimabad, Gulshan-e-Iqbal and Karachi UniversityCampus. Low traffic activities at the University Campus showedlowest lead and cadmium levels in the foliage of both tree speciesthan the other point of the city. In this study, P. pinnata showedmore accumulations of lead and cadmium than P. pterocarpum.This difference might be due to large surface area of the foliage inP. pinnata that is available for exposure to any pollutants as comparedto P. pterocarpum. P. pinnata is a useful plant species inremoving different heavy metals from the urban environment of thecity. It is therefore suggested, that P. pinnata should be given morepreference for future plantation in the areas, particularly along thebusy roads and highways

Isolation of Fungal Flora in Carpet and Floor Dust Samples As an Indicator of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ): A Case Study of a Nigerian Institution

Abstract- Porous surfaces such as carpets have been examined as a possible source for the introduction of indoor particle levels. Indoor airborne mold and/or mycotoxin exposure causes many multi-system adverse human health effects. This study is aimed at isolating and identifying fungal flora in the dust samples of various indoor environments in Usmanu Dan Fodio University, Sokoto, Nigeria. Samples were obtained from six (6) carpeted old buildings, two (2) carpeted new buildings, two (2) uncarpeted old building and two (2) uncarpeted new buildings. Samples were inoculated onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and identified. Ten (10) fungi species from 12 dust samples involving 12 indoor environments were isolated and identified. Total mean microbial concentration was 1.65x10 3 cfu /g, average concentration 1.37x 10 2 cfu/g and standard deviation of 6.73 x 10 1 cfu/g. The isolates include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Apsergillu

Bromidobis(N,N′-diphenyl­thio­urea-κS)copper(I) monohydrate

In the title compound, [CuBr(C13H12N2S)2]·H2O, the CuI atom adopts a slightly distorted trigonal-planar coordination arising from two S atoms of two diphenyl­thio­urea ligands and a bromide ion. There are two intra­molecular N—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds completing twisted six-membered rings with R(6) motifs. The dihedral angles between the aromatic rings in the ligands are 62.11 (13) and 85.73 (13)°. In the crystal, components are linked by N—H⋯O, O—H⋯S and O—H⋯π inter­actions. There also exist π–π inter­actions with a distance of 3.876 (2) Å between the centroids of benzene rings of two different ligands. Together, the inter­molecular inter­actions lead to a three-dimensional network

N-[(Methyl­sulfan­yl)meth­yl]benzamide

In the title compound, C9H11NOS, the phenyl ring and formamide unit make a dihedral angle of 23.93 (14)°, whereas the (methyl­sulfan­yl)methyl group is oriented at a dihedral angle of 61.31 (8)° with respect to the phenyl ring. There are inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming C(4) chains along the [010] direction. These polymeric chains are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form polymeric sheets in the (110) plane

N′-[(E)-(4-Bromo-2-thienyl)methyl­ene]isonicotinohydrazide

In title compound, C11H8BrN3OS, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 27.61 (14)° and the Br atom is disordered over two sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.804 (2):0.196 (2). In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N inter­actions, resulting in chains

(Z)-4-Hexyl-1-(5-nitro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl­idene)thio­semicarbazide

In the title compound, C15H19N5O3S, intra­molecular N—H⋯O, N—H⋯N and C—H⋯S inter­actions occur and the three terminal C atoms of the hexyl group are disordered over two sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.664 (12):0.336 (12). In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur and C—H⋯O bonds link the dimers into chains. A short C=O⋯π contact is also present