Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of some grape accessions (<i>Vitis</i> spp.) native to Eastern Anatolia of Turkey

Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of four historical grape accessions (‘Kuzu Kuyrugu’, ‘Miskali’, ‘Erkek miskali’, and ‘Kirmizi Kismisi’) grown in Igdir province located in Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey were examined. Levels of vitamin C, organic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid), sugars (fructose, glucose), phenolic acids (catechin, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic  acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, and gallic acid), and antioxidant capacity (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant capacity, TEAC assay) were determined. Accession was found to be important source of variation for all the parameters identified above (P<0.01). Among the grape accessions analyzed, ‘Kuzu Kuyrugu’ had the predominant vitamin C (47.19 mg/100 g), chlorogenic acid (2.687 mg/L), ferulic acid (1.303 mg/L), o-coumaric acid (1.317 mg/L), and syringic acid content (1.687 mg/L). The highest citric acid (55.360 mg/L), fructose (10.36 g/100g), glucose (11.51 g/100g), and catechin (1.353 mg/L) were recorded in ‘Miskali’ genotype. ‘Kirmizi Kismisi’ was determined to be the accession with the highest tartaric acid (21.29 mg/L), succinic acid (0.94 mg/L), and caffeic acid (2.137 mg/L) levels. ‘Erkek Miskali’ accession produced the paramount contents for fumaric acid (0.42 mg/L), rutin (2.477 mg/L), quercetin (0.447 mg/L), and vanillic acid (0.313 mg/L). The investigated grape genotypes showed notable levels of sugars, organic acids and phenolic compounds. These accessions could be valuable in breeding programs for improving grape quality and nutrition, as well as enhancing commercial worth and production of the grapes in Igdir province of Turkey.

Predicting Avocado Production in Turkey for 2016-2025 Period Using Time Series Analysis

Bu çalışmanın başlıca amacı, 1988-2015 yılları avokado üretim FAOSTAT verilerini kullanarak 2016-2025 dönemi için Türkiye'deki avokado üretimini modellemektir. 1988-2015 dönemi avokado üretimine ait zaman serisi verilerinin durağan olmadıgı belirlenmiştir. Durağanlık, zaman serilerinin ilk derece farkının alınmasıyla sağlanmıştır. Avokado üretimini tahminlemede üç üstel düzleştirme (Holt, Brown ve Damped) yöntemi kıyaslanmıştır. Brown üstsel düzleştirme modeli, avokado üretimini tahminlemede en uygun yöntem olarak tanımlanmıştır. Türkiye'deki avokado üretiminin 2016-2025 dönemi için 2004 tondan 3156 tona yükseleceği tespit edilmiştir. Bu araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçların, Türkiye'de gıda güvenliği için makro seviyede politikaların geliştirilmesine ve avokado üretiminin gelecekte daha iyi bir şekilde planlanmasına yardımcı olacağı düşünülmektedirThe main aim of this study was to model avocado production in Turkey for 2016-2025 period using 1988-2015 years FAOSTAT data. Avocado production time series data for the 1988-2015 period was found non-stationary. Stationarity was obtained after taking the first difference of the time series. Three Exponential Smoothing (Holt, Brown and Damped) methods were compared to model avocado production. Brown exponential smoothing model was the most appropriate forecasting model for avocado production. We forecasted that the avocado production in Turkey will show increase from 2004 tons to 3156 tons for the 2016-2025 period. The results of this study could help policy makers to develop macro-level policies for food safety and more powerful strategies for better planning avocado production in Turkey for the futur

Determination of Ampelographic Characters of Native Grape Accessions Grown in Iğdır Province

Bu çalışma Iğdır yöresinde yetiştiriciliği yapılan Askeri, Beyaz kişmişi, Erkek miskali, El-hakkı, Haçabaş, İnek emceği, Kerim gandı, Kırmızı kişmişi, Kuzu kuyruğu, Miskali ve Yezandayi yerel üzüm çeşitlerinin uluslararası normlar çerçevesinde ampelografik özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla 2013- 2014 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Araştırma, benzer bakım şartlarına sahip 25-35 yaşlardaki üretici bağlarında yetiştirilen üzüm çeşitleri üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Iğdır yöresinde yetiştirilen 11 üzüm çeşidinin Vitis vinifera L. türüne ait oldukları belirlenmiştir.This study was conducted within the frame of international norms to determine ampelograpic characters of Askeri, Beyaz kişmişi, Erkek miskali, El-hakkı, Haçabaş, İnek emceği, Kerim gandı, Kırmızı kişmişi, Kuzu kuyruğu, Miskali and Yezandayi native grape cultivars grown in Igdir province between the years 2013 and 2014. This research was performed with 25-35 years old vines grown under similar cultural conditions in the vineyards of local producers. It was concluded that the evaluated 11 grape cultivars grown in Iğdır province belongs to Vitis vinifera L.

Sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds of ancient grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) from Igdir province of Eastern Turkey

BACKGROUND: The Eurasian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is the most widely cultivated and economically important horticultural crop in the world. As a one of the origin area, Anatolia played an important role in the diversification and spread of the cultivated form V. vinifera ssp. vinifera cultivars and also the wild form V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris ecotypes. Although several biodiversity studies have been conducted with local cultivars in different regions of Anatolia, no information has been reported so far on the biochemical (organic acids, sugars, phenolic acids, vitamin C) and antioxidant diversity of local historical table V. vinifera cultivars grown in Igdir province. In this work, we studied these traits in nine local table grape cultivars viz. 'Beyaz Kismis' (synonym name of Sultanina or Thompson seedless), 'Askeri', 'El Hakki', 'Kirmizi Kismis', 'Inek Emcegi', 'Hacabas', 'Kerim Gandi', 'Yazen Dayi', and 'Miskali' spread in the Igdir province of Eastern part of Turkey. RESULTS: Variability of all studied parameters is strongly influenced by cultivars (P < 0.01). Among the cultivars investigated, 'Miskali' showed the highest citric acid content (0.959 g/l) while 'Kirmizi Kismis' produced predominant contents in tartaric acid (12.71 g/l). The highest glucose (16.47 g/100 g) and fructose (15.55 g/100 g) contents were provided with 'Beyaz Kismis'. 'Kirmizi Kismis' cultivar had also the highest quercetin (0.55 mg/l), o-coumaric acid (1.90 mg/l), and caffeic acid (2.73 mg/l) content. The highest ferulic acid (0.94 mg/l), and syringic acid (2.00 mg/l) contents were observed with 'Beyaz Kismis' cultivar. The highest antioxidant capacity was obtained as 9.09 μmol TE g-1 from 'Inek Emcegi' in TEAC (Trolox equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) assay. 'Hacabas' cultivar had the highest vitamin C content of 35.74 mg/100 g. CONCLUSIONS: Present results illustrated that the historical table grape cultivars grown in Igdir province of Eastern part of Turkey contained diverse and valuable sugars, organic acids, phenolic acids, Vitamin C values and demonstrated important antioxidant capacity for human health benefits. Further preservation and use of this gene pool will be helpful to avoid genetic erosion and to promote continued agriculture in the region

Determination of the best blackberry cultivar using various statistical techniques

This study was conducted to determine the best blackberry cultivar using jointly various statistical techniques such as Chi-Square, G, and Correspondence statistics. For this aim, data of pomological traits such as fruit weight, cane number, cane diameter, cane height, cane yield per plant of Ness, Cherokee, Arapaho, Chester Thornless, Navaho, Black Satin, Dirksen Thornless and Jumbo cultivars were collected during 2002-2006. With respect to chi-square and G statistics, associations between cultivar and each pomological trait (fruit weight, cane number, cane diameter, cane height, and cane yield per plant) were found more significant (P < 0.0001). The relationship between year and cane number was significant (P < 0.0001 and year and cane diameter was significant (P < 0.05). The highest cane number was produced in 2004, followed by 2005. The relationship between fruit weight and cane diameter or cane yield per plant were more significant (P < 0.0001). Although Blacksatin and Jumbo blackberry cultivars had the highest cane number, Chester Thornless from blackberry cultivars had the highest cane diameter, the highest cane yield per plant and the highest fruit weight. It was concluded that Chester Thornless cultivar was the most appropriate cultivar for Central Anatolia region

Phytochemical profiles of wild blackberries, black and white mulberries from southern Bulgaria

Sugars (glucose and fructose), organic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, succinic acid and fumaric acid), vitamin C, phenolic compounds (catechin, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid and gallic acid) and antioxidant capacity (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, TEAC assay) were determined in fruits of wild blackberry, black and white mulberries from southern Bulgaria. Malic acid was the predominant organic acid for the black and white mulberries. Citric and malic acids were represented with the highest content in blackberries. The highest fructose concentration was observed in blackberries (16.187 g·100 g−1). Black mulberries showed the highest antioxidant activity (12.230 µmol TE g−1), followed by white mulberries (8.6133 µmol TE g−1) and blackberries (4.490 µmol TE g−1). Chlorogenic acid and rutin were the main phenolics in the analysed fruits. The results illustrated significant phytochemical profiles of the studied berries, which could contribute to the medicinal industry and provide valuable genetic resources for breeding programmes

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY IN Rosa SPECIES

The Rosa L. is one of the widely grown plants in the world and its flowers and fruits has been used in different parts of the world for centuries. Wild grown Rosa plants is one of the most important element of the natural landscape and used as rootstock for roses for centuries as well. In this study the main flower, shrub and fruit characteristics of a large number of Rosa canina L. and Rosa dumalis Bechst. genotypes naturally found in Ardahan province of Turkey has been studied. All plants found very health conditions and indicated their strong defense mechanism of the genera to harsh abiotic and biotic conditions. The majority of genotypes had attractive flowers. The genotypes exhibited fruit mass between 2.81 g to 4.60 g. SSC (soluble solid content), vitamin C, total phenolic, total flavonoid, total carotenoid, and total anthocyanin content of the genotypes ranged from 15.8-20.6%, 502-714 mg per 100 g FW (fresh weight), 405-507 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g FW, 1.02-2.00 mg per g FW, 8.40-13.30 mg per g FW and 4.35-6.98 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent per liter, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined between 22.3-30.9 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per g fresh weight. Chlorogenic acid was the major phenolic acids in fruits of Rosa ecotypes. Our results indicated promising perspectives for usage of R. canina and R. dumalis fresh fruits studied with considerable levels of bioactive compounds

DETERMINATION OF PHENOLOGICAL AND PLANT CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCAL GRAPE CULTIVARS GROWING IN IĞDIR CONDITIONS

Bu çalışma 2014–2015 yıllarında Iğdır yöresinde yetiştiriciliği yapılan Kırmızıkişmişi, Haçabaş,Yezandayi, Kuzukuyruğu, Miskali, Askeri, Erkekmiskali, İnekemceği üzüm çeşitlerinin fenolojikdönemlerini ve bitkisel özelliklerini gözlemlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda üzümçeşitlerinde gözlenen farklı fenolojik safhalar çeşit ve yıllara göre az da olsa farklılık göstermiştir.Çeşitlerde uyanma: 31 Mart–21 Nisan; tam çiçeklenme: 25 Mayıs–8 Haziran; tane tutumu: 28 Mayıs–12Haziran; ben düşme: 27 Haziran–16 Temmuz ve olgunluk: 11 Temmuz–5 Ağustos tarihleri arasındatamamlanmıştır. En erken olgunlaşan çeşit Yezandayi, en geç olgunlaşan çeşitler İnekemceği veErkekmiskali olmuştur. Bitkisel özelliklerden; salkım ağırlığı, tane ağırlığı, omca başına düşen ortalamaverim, tane tutumu, suda çözünebilen kuru madde miktarı (SÇKM) ve şıradaki asit miktarı incelenmiştir.The objective of this study was to determine phenological periods and plant characteristics ofKırmızıkişmişi, Haçabaş, Yezandayi, Kuzukuyruğu, Miskali, Askeri, Erkekmiskali, İnekemceği grapecultivars grown in Iğdır district conditions during 2014–2015 years. It was recorded that phenologicalperiods varied according to cultivar and year. The period ranges of the phenological characteristics were asfollow bud break: 31 March–21 April; full bloom: 25 May–8 June; berry set: 28 May–12 June; veraison:27 June–16 July and ripening: 11 July–5 August. The earliest ripening cultivar was Yezandayi, the latestripening cultivars were İnekemceği and Erkekmiskali. Cluster weight, berry weight, yield per vine, berryset, total soluble solids and must acidity plant characteristics were investigated

The Partial Purification and Characterization of Polyphenol Oxidase in Native Grape Kirmizi Kismisi Cultivar (Vitis vinifera L.) Grown in Iğdır Province

Yerel üzüm çeşidi Kırmızı Kişmişi, Türkiye’nin Iğdır ilinin Necefali köyünden toplandı ve daha sonralaboratuvara taşındı ve -20 C’de dondurularak saklandı. Kırmızı Kişmişi’den polifenol oksidaz aseton çöktürmesiyöntemi kullanılarak 5.45 kat kısmi olarak saflaştırıldı ve karakterize edildi. 50 gr Kırmızı kişmiş üzümü hücrezarlarını parçalamak için porselen havanda dövüldü. Dondurulmuş Kırmızı kişmişi üzümü %1 polietilen glikol(PEG) içeren 100 mL 50 mM sodyum asetat tamponuyla (pH 5.0) homojenize edildi. Daha sonra homojenat, 4katlı tulbentten süzüldü ve elde edilen süzüntü 4C’de 30 dakika 10 000 rpm’de santrifüjelendi. Santrifüjden sonraelde edilen süpernatant, buz banyosunda süpernatanın hacmine kadar soğuk aseton eklendi ve karışım proteinlerinçökeltilmesi için gece boyunca 4C’de inkübe edildi. 4C’de 30 dakika 10 000 rpm’de santrifüj edildikten sonra,çökelti 20 mL 50 mM sodyum asetat tamponu (pH 5.0) içinde yeniden çözündürüldü. Protein konsantrasyonuLowry yöntemine göre belirlendi. Ham enzim özütü ve aseton çöktürmesi sonrası protein konsantrasyonlarısırasıyla 7.04 ve 3.83 mg/mL olarak belirlendi. Katekol substratı kullanılarak, optimum pH ve sıcaklık değerlerisırasıyla 6.0 ve 20C bulundu. Buna ek olarak, Km ve Vmaks değerleri gibi bazı biyokimyasal özellikler araştırıldı.PFO enzimi için askorbik asit, sitrik asit, sodyum metabisülfit ve benzoik asit ile inhibisyon çalışmaları yapılmış,herbir inhibitör için IC50 hesaplanmıştır. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen veriler, bu enzimin gıda endüstrisi için yararlıolabileceğini gösterdi.The native grape Kirmizi Kismisi cultivar was gathered from the Necefali village of Igdir provincein Turkey, and then caried into the laboratory and stored in deep-frozen at -20C. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) waspartial purified 5.45 times using the cold acetone precipitation from Kirmizi Kismisi Grape and was characterized.50 gr of Kirmizi Kismisi Grape were placed in a porcelain mortar and pestled in order to decompose cell membranes.The frozen Kirmizi Kismisi Grapes were homogenised by using a porcelain mortar in 100 mL of 50 mM sodiumacetate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 1% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG). Then homogenate was percolated through4-fold muslin and the resulting filtrate was santrifuged for 30 minutes at 10,000 rpm at 4C. The supernatantobtained after centrifugation was mixed with cold acetone as much as the volume of the supernatant in the icebath and the mixture was incubated overnight at 4C for precipitation of proteins. After centrifugation at 10,000rpm for 30 min at 4C, the precipitate was redissolved in 20 mL 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0). Proteinconcentration was determined according to the Lowry method. Protein concentrations of crude extract and acetoneprecipitation were determined as 7.04 and 3.83 mg/mL, respectively. Optimum pH and temperature values werefound to be 6.0 and 20C, respectively, using catechol as a substrate. In addition, some biochemical propertiessuch as Km and Vmax values were investigated. PPO activity was inhibited from ascorbic acid, citric acid, sodiummetabisulfite and benzoic acid and the IC50 for each inhibitor was calculated.The data obtained from this studyshowed that this enzyme could be useful for food industrial purposes

Phytochemical Profiles of Wild Grown Blackberry and Mulberry in Turkey

WOS: 000372940400001Blackberry and mulberry are main berry crops grown in Black Sea region mostly in humid shade forest areas and its important for local people's diet and also important for the maintenance of their health and prevention of disease. Present study aimed to determine the content of vitamin C, organic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid), sugars (glucose and fructose) and phenolic compounds (catechin, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, and gallic acid), as well as antioxidant capacity (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity, TEAC assay) in the wild grown blackberry and mulberry fruit. Among phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid was the predominant for all wild grown blackberries, white and black mulberries. The presence of oxalic acid was only detected in the wild blackberry genotype. As a result, the phytochemical recognition of the wild grown blackberry, black and white mulberries might contribute to forthcoming investigations for developing the efficiency of food industry