Melaksanakan Tugas Kepengawasan Meningkatkan Mutu dan Kualitas Pembelajaran Melalui Supervisi Akademik

Abstract   Supervision is assistance given to all teachers/school staff to develop schools to the fullest. Meanwhile, what is meant by supervision here is not an inspection from a person who thinks he knows everything (superior) to someone who is considered not knowing anything at all (inferior). However, academic supervision is in the form of guidance, coaching and assistance provided to teachers/educators to develop teaching and learning situations to make them better. So that teachers always make improvements in terms of the way they teach a subject and increase the effectiveness of their work which ultimately improves the quality of education in the school. From the implementation of the actions carried out using the supervision of the guidance model class and the time lag, satisfactory results can be obtained. This can be seen from the increase in the percentage of PTKp success indicators. Class supervision has a positive impact on the level of teacher discipline, teacher preparation in preparing and using learning tools that automatically makes supervised teachers use learning innovations with unconventional learning methods/models.   Keywords: Quality of Learning Quality, Academic SupervisionAbstrak   Supervisi adalah bantuan yang diberikan kepada seluruh guru/staf sekolah untuk mengembangkan sekolah secara maksimal. Sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan supervisi di sini bukanlah sebagai inspeksi dari orang yang merasa serba tahu (superior) kepada orang yang dianggap belum tahu sama sekali (inferior). Tapi, supervisi akademik dalam bentuk bimbingan, pembinaan dan bantuan yang diberikan kepada guru/pendidik untuk mengembangkan situasi belajar mengajar agar menjadi lebih baik. Sehingga guru-guru selalu mengadakan perbaikan dalam hal cara mereka mengajarkan suatu mata pelajaran dan meningkatkan efektivitas kerja mereka yang pada akhirnya meningkatkan mutu pendidikan di sekolah tersebut. Dari pelaksanaan tindakan yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan supervisi kelas  model bimbingan dan jeda waktu dapat diperoleh hasil yang memuaskan. Hal ini terlihat dengan adanya peningkatan persentase indikator keberhasilan PTKp ini.Supervisi kelas  berdampak positif terhadap tingkat kedisiplinan guru, persiapan guru dalam menyusun dan menggunakan perangkat pembelajaran yang otomatis membuat guru yang disupervisi menggunakan inovasi pembelajaran dengan metode-metode/model-model pembelajaran yang tidak konvensional lagi.   Kata Kunci : Mutu Kualitas Pembelajaran, Supervisi Akademi

Upaya Melaksanakan Fungsi Monitoring Kepengawasan Membantu Kepala Madrasah Dan Guru Dalam Pengelolaan Pembelajaran Pada Madrasah Binaan

Abstract   Monitoring as an approach technique in developing teacher learning is a pattern based on the basic assumption that the teacher's learning process to develop in his position cannot be separated from the learning process carried out by the teacher. Learning is individual, therefore, the socialization process must be carried out by helping teachers face to face and individually. Monitoring as a technique has certain steps that need attention to develop the professionalism of the madrasa head and teachers. The madrasa supervisor who serves as a supervisor only has to manage and allocate programmed time between the madrasa supervisor as a supervisor and the teacher as a person who needs guidance. This activity will actually have a significant impact on both parties. Teachers feel helped by the guidance of the madrasa supervisor, while the madrasa supervisor will benefit in the form of improving the quality of learning that exists for each madrasa head and teacher.   Keywords: Monitoring Function, Learning ManagementAbstrak   Monitoring sebagai satu teknik pendekatan dalam mengembangkan pembelajaran guru merupakan suatu pola yang didasarkan pada asumsi dasar bahwa proses belajar guru untuk berkembang dalam jabatannya tidak dapat dipisahkan dari proses belajar yang dilakukan guru tersebut. Belajar bersifat individual, oleh karena itu, proses sosialisasi harus dilakukan dengan membantu guru secara tatap muka dan individual. Monitoring sebagai suatu teknik memiliki langkah-langkah tertentu yang perlu mendapat perhatian untuk mengembangkan profesionalitas kepala madrasah dan guru.Pengawas madrasah yang bertugas sebagai supervisor hanya tinggal mengatur dan mengalokasikan waktu yang terprogram antara pengawas madrasah sebagai supervisor dengan guru sebagai orang yang membutuhkan bimbingan. Kegiatan ini sebenarnya akan memberikan dampak yang signifikan bagi kedua belah pihak. Guru merasa terbantu dengan bimbingan pengawas madrasah, sedangkan pengawas madrasah akan mendapatkan keuntungan berupa peningkatan kualitas pembelajaran yang ada pada setiap kepala madrasah dan guru.   Kata Kunci : Fungsi Monitoring, Pengelolaan Pembelajara

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

The global retinoblastoma outcome study : a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

DATA SHARING : The study data will become available online once all analyses are complete.BACKGROUND : Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. METHODS : We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. FINDINGS : The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23·2 months (IQR 11·0–36·5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0·8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5·4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19·7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42·9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enucleation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98·8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99·5% (95% CI 98·8–100·0) for children from high-income countries, 91·2% (89·5–93·0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80·3% (78·3–82·3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57·3% (52·1-63·0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16·67; 95% CI 4·76–50·00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8·98; 4·44–18·18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1·38 per year; 1·23–1·56). For children aged 3–7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0·0104 for the change in slope). INTERPRETATION : This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes.The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and the Wellcome Trust.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/homeam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt

The Global Retinoblastoma Outcome Study: a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

Background Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. Methods We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1,2017, and Dec 31,2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. Findings The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23.2 months (IQR 11.0-36.5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0.8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5.4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19. 7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42.9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enudeation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98.8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99.5% (95% CI 98.8-100.0) for children from high-income countries, 91.2% (89.5-93.0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80.3% (78.3-82.3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57.3% (524-63-0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16.67; 95% CI 4.76-50.00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8.98; 4.44-18.18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1.38 per year; 1.23-1.56). For children aged 3-7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0.0104 for the change in slope). Interpretation This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Y