Paper Session II-C - Infrastructure for a Lunar Base

Exploration of the Moon is the most crucial and decisive step for human expansion into the vast reaches of space. The Moon is the natural and ideal testbed for determining human capability to survive, function, expand and settle into the space environment. Scientific studies, astronomic observations, and exploitation and utilization of space resources culminating in the establishment of a self-sufficient permanently human-tended lunar base are the goals of lunar exploration. Four development stages in the evolutionary exploration of the Moon are suggested: (1) exploratory; (2) pioneering; (3) outpost; and (4) base. Overall goals and specific objectives, functional requirements, construction conditions, and life support systems requirements needed in each stage are identified

Computer managed learning system: annual report no. 1

April 1, 1970.CER69-70RWH-WL-WZS36.AN CMLS - 1 - 70

Study of wind loading on tall structures: Atlantic-Richfield Plaza buildings, A

CER68-69WZS-JEC-GH-36.August 1969.Includes bibliographical references.For Metronics Associates, Inc.Wind loading on a 1:384 scale model of Atlantic-Richfield Plaza Buildings 666 ft. high was investigated in a thick turbulent boundary-layer wind tunnel. Measurements of mean velocity, turbulence intensity and boundary-layer thickness upstream of the model structure verified that the wind-tunnel flow was an adequate simulation of the atmospheric-surface-layer conditions over the full-scale urban area. Mean pressure and pressure fluctuations were measured for three different wind directions (NE, N and NW). Generally, the mean pressure was found to be the largest near the top and smallest close to the base. An opposite variation was observed for the fluctuating and instantaneous peak pressures. The largest pressure fluctuations were obtained in the case of the N wind. The turbulence energy spectra of the upstream flow and surface pressure-fluctuations spectra exhibited consistently a similar qualitative behavior. This is suggestive that the upstream turbulence has a predominant role, together with the wake, in producing the pressure fluctuations. Direct measurement of mean and fluctuating overturning moment by means of a strain-gage dynamometer revealed that the latter ranged up to about ± 34% of the former. Root-mean square values of the fluctuating moment were also determined in an effort to relate it to the pressure fluctuations and upstream turbulence

Flow field within and above a forest canopy: task I, study of airflow in simulated temperate and tropical forest canopies, Fort Huachuca

CER69-70WZS-JEC-TK-6.July 1969.Includes bibliographical references (pages 32-35).For Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory U.S. Army Electronics Command Fort Monmouth, N. J.The velocity and longitudinal turbulence intensity distributions inside and above a forest canopy along its center line were investigated. For this purpose a model forest canopy was used in a meteorological wind tunnel. The results indicate that the flow may be divided into an entrance and fully developed region followed by a short adjustment distance close to canopy end. The entrance region has a decisive effect on the flow characteristics through the canopy. The velocity and turbulence inside the canopy are strongly affected by its structure. A similar qualitative variation for both velocity and turbulence was found in and above the canopy. Its influence stretches over more than 4 roughness heights above it. Generally, the results are in relatively reasonable agreement with field measurements. Investigation of the modified logarithmic law for describing the velocity profile above the canopy revealed that both flow parameters, i.e., friction velocity and roughness length, are not local constants. On the contrary, they vary drastically with height. It is suspected that this is due to the fact the assumption of constant shear stress throughout the boundary layer or significant portions of it is not satisfied

Survey of micrometeorological parameters within a forest canopy at Fort Polk, Louisiana, A

CER80-81WZS-FWL-WEM44.Includes bibliographical references (page 44).February 1982.A field investigation of micrometeorological parameters inside and above a forest canopy at Fort Polk, Louisiana, was conducted in conjunction with the Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory Dusty Infrared Test IIIA. The three orthogonal components of the wind, ory- and wet-bulb temperatures and total solar radiation were measured inside this forest canopy by means of an instrumented meteorological tower. In addition, turbulence inside the forest canopy was monitored by means of hot-wire anemometers. Tethersonde balloon sounding above the forest canopy was further performed. The meteorological data was reduced by means of three different statistical methods. Single sample period values, one-minute sample averages and sequential sample values were computed. The latter two methods led to the construction of time series which can readily be used to perform advanced statistical analyses. Totals of 27 h 29 min of meteorological tower data and 2 h 50 min of balloon data were reduced. The results are presented in tabular form in 1422 tables and partially displayed in 1795 figures under separate cover in view of their large volume. Selected samples of the results are, however, presented herein. The results supply a data base for analyses of airflow in a forest canopy. Suggestions for future work of significance for mission-oriented cases and for modeling of airflow in a forest canopy are outlined.Contract DAAG29-76-D-0100 conducted for the U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range

Stereoscopic analysis of polluted air masses

CER72-73WZS31.May 1973.Includes bibliographical references (pages 17-19).Prepared for Aerospace Environment Division, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Contract No. NAS8-25236.Air pollution levels depend strongly upon the spatial and time variations of various pollutant concentrations. In the vicinity of pollution sources locally high concentrations and significant variation with time of pollutants occur. Surveillance of pollutant concentrations and dispersion requires adequate monitoring over large relevant areas at fixed time intervals. Particularly, strong and stable temperature inversion can cause such circulation conditions where vertical mixing of pollutants is prohibited. Remote sensing by means of stereo images obtained from flown cameras and scanners provides the potential to monitor the dynamics of pollutant mixing over large areas. Moreover, stereo technology permits efficient monitoring of pollutant concentration and mixing with sufficient detail. Consequently, regional standards on air quality can be set forth. Furthermore, methods to detect unpredicted and significant pollution variations can be developed. A method of remote sensing using stereo images is described. Preliminary results based on comparison with ground measurements by alternate method, e.g., remote hot-wire anemometer technique, are supporting the feasibility of stereo analysis using aerial cameras

Investigation of flow over high roughness, An

CER71-72TK-WZS3.August 1971.Includes bibliographical references (pages 79-84).Prepared jointly for U.S. Army Electronics Command Contract No. DAAB07-68-C-0423 and Office of Naval Research Contract No. NO014-68-A-0493-0OO1.Circulating copy deaccessioned 2020.An experimental investigation of the atmospheric boundary-layer flow on high roughness was conducted by simulating the flow over a forest canopy in a meteorological wind tunnel. The model forest canopy used consisted of plastic simulated-evergreen trees. The measurements were carried out at constant free-stream velocity and under thermally neutral conditions. Two canopy densities were tested to explore the effects of the roughness density on the flow. One roughness density was half of the other. The results indicate that the mean velocity profiles within the fully developed flow region can be described by generalized logarithmic relationships. For the flow in the inner zone, the free-stream velocity and the roughness height are the similarity parameters for the velocity and the vertical distance, respectively. In the outer zone the freestream velocity and the momentum thickness are the scaling parameters. The roughness density has a strong influence on the momentum loss and the upward flow displacement in the transition region. The shape of the roughness element affects the mean velocity distribution inside the canopy, i.e., jetting effect. The internal boundary-layer thickness was determined based on the turbulent shear-stress distribution. It is found that the flow near the canopy leading edge has two-dimensional wake-like characteristics. The latter are due to the canopy frontal area which is a drastic step obstruction. The existence of an inertial subrange in the fully developed flow region is doubtful although local isotropy occurs for eddies smaller than 2% of the total boundary-layer thickness. The evolution of turbulent energy associated with various size eddies along the canopy can be successfully described by a discretized-energy analysis

Interaction of a wall-jet with a shear flow

CER70-71SM-WZS82.March 1972.Includes bibliographical references (pages 38-39).Project THEMIS, technical report no. 15.Prepared for Office of Naval Research. Contract No. NOOO14-68-A-O493-OOO1. Project No. NR O62-414/6-6-68(Code 438).An experimental investigation of a flow field resulting from the interaction between a spreading turbulent wall jet on a smooth surface and a shear flow was conducted. The combined flow was formed by a downward circular jet penetrating perpendicularly a moving shear stream confined within a constant-area open channel. A hot-wire survey of mean velocity and turbulence intensity was carried out. A similar variation of mean velocity was found to exist on either side of the axis of the impinging jet, provided that appropriate characteristic scales were used. Similarity was obtained by dividing the flow into an inner and an outer layer, and by subdividing the latter into two zones of equal thickness. This partition into three distinct regions was deduced from the velocity change with height and, particularly, from the existence of a local characteristic maximum velocity. Within each region, velocity and length scales were formulated. The former was defined in terms of the local maximum velocity for the inner layer. In the two zones of the outer layer the velocity scales were defined in terms of the zonal maximum excess velocities. The excess velocity was computed with respect to the local free-stream velocity characteristic to this flow. In all three regions, the thicknesses of the layers were utilized as the length scale. The similarity in mean velocity variation is corroborated by the computed constant values of the shape factor for each particular region of the flow. The use of analogous scales led to similarity in the change of mean energy. Furthermore, it was found that the turbulence intensity variation exhibited similarity when the same scales used for the velocity were employed.Under contract no. NOOO14-68-A-O493-OOO1

Preliminary study of flow field about Viking Lander model, A

October 1970.CER70-71WZS-VAS-18.Includes bibliographical references