Comparison of Apical Transportation with the Use of Rotary System and Reciprocating Handpiece with Precurved Hand Files: An In Vitro Study

Introduction: Success of root canal treatment depends on several factors; among which, maintaining the original canal path during mechanical preparation is extremely important. This in vitro study aimed to compare apical transportation using RaCe NiTi rotary system and precurved stainless steel (SS) hand files in a reciprocating handpiece. Methods and Materials: Mesiobuccal canals of 40 extracted human mandibular first and second molars with 20 to 45° curvatures and 3 to 7 mm curve radius were chosen for this study. After working length determination, the teeth were divided into two groups (n=20). Root canals were prepared with RaCe in group 1 and NSK handpiece and precurved SS hand files in group 2 up to #30 with 2% taper in both groups. Radiographs were taken of teeth before and after instrumentation from buccolingual and mesiodistal directions. The images were superimposed using Adobe Photoshop CS3 software. Degree of straightening and amount of apical transportation at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm levels short of the working length were determined using digital subtraction radiography. The student’s t test was used to compare the degree of straightening and Mann Whitney test was applied to compare apical transportation (millimeters) between the two groups. Results: No significant difference was noted between the two groups on buccolingual or mesiodistal views in degree of straightening and apical transportation on buccolingual view (P>0.05). However, on mesiodistal view, NSK reciprocating handpiece caused greater apical transportation at 0. 0.5 and 1 mm levels (P<0.05). Conclusion: The RaCe system and precurved SS files in reciprocating handpiece were highly similar in terms of degree of straightening and apical transportation. Thus, engine-driven NSK reciprocating handpiece can be used as an efficient adjunct for root canal preparation.Keywords: Canal Transportation; RaCe Instruments; Reciprocating Handpiec

A Comprehensive Review on Risk Factors Affecting the Crash Severity

As a matter of growing machinery life, traffic crashes are considered an inevitable source of injuries and costs around the world. Regarding to increasing traffic accident outcomes, controlling the current status is necessary. In this way, identifying risk factors affecting the crash severity is an essential step toward initiating a convincing solution. The core objective of this study was to categorize the risk factors affecting the severity of crashes. Data needed for this study were gathered through searching Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases using the keywords included fatal and crash, injuries and crash, fatal and traffic accident, and injuries and traffic accident. Based on 83 selected studies for review, factors affecting the crash severity divided into five factors and forty-seven sub-factors. The most prevalent sub-factors were age, sex, safety belts, alcohol and drug use, speed, weather conditions, lighting conditions, time of the day and week, vehicle kind, road condition, collision type and crash location. Many risk factors affect crash severity and determination of the most important ones can be a prelude in reducing the effects. Therefore, the conclusion of this review can assist to traffic safety experts, police and contribute to distinguishing and monitoring the risk factors affecting crash severity transportation agencies

Effect of Novel Zein Coating Combined with Different Antioxidants (Thymol and Carvacrol) on the Aflatoxin Production of Peanut

Introduction: Aflatoxin contamination of agricultural crops leads to health hazards and detrimental to the economy. Despite enhanced processing, handling and storage, it remains an issue in the peanut industry. An effort was made to investigate the efficacy of corn zein coating combined with thymol and carvacrol as the edible coating may extend aflatoxinproduction. Methods: Analysis of aflatoxins B1, B2 and total were performed for 11 treatments on coated and uncoated peanuts stored at room temperature for 90 days. Treatments were included zein, thymol (500, 1000, 1500 ppm), carvacrol (5000, 10000, 15000 ppm), incorporating thymol and carvacrol at three different concentrations and control. Results: Significant differences between coated and uncoated treatments were observed (

Association between IL-8 (-251T/A) and IL-6 (-174G/C) Polymorphisms and Oral Cancer Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and objective: Inflammation and cell-mediated immunity can have significant roles in different stages of carcinogenesis. The present meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between the polymorphisms of IL-8 (-251T/A) and IL-6 (-174G/C) and the risk of oral cancer (OC). Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases were searched until December 18, 2020 without any restrictions. RevMan 5.3 software was used to calculate the results of forest plots (odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)); CMA 2.0 software was used to calculate funnel plots (Begg’s and Egger’s tests), and SPSS 22.0 was used for the meta-regression analysis. Moreover, trial sequential analysis was conducted to estimate the robustness of the results. Results: Eleven articles including twelve studies were selected for the meta-analysis. The pooled ORs for the association between IL-8 (-251T/A) polymorphism and the risk of OC in the models of A vs. T, AA vs. TT, TA vs. TT, AA + TA vs. TT, and AA vs. TT + TA were 0.97 (p = 0.78), 0.86 (p = 0.55), 0.78 (p = 0.37), 0.83 (p = 0.45), and 1.10 (p = 0.34), respectively. The pooled ORs IL-6 (-174G/C) polymorphism and the risk of OC in the models of C vs. G, CC vs. GG, GC vs. GG, CC + GC vs. GG, and CC vs. GG + GC were 1.07 (p = 0.87), 1.17 (p = 0.82), 1.44 (p = 0.38), 1.28 (p = 0.61), and 0.96 (p = 0.93), respectively. There was no association between IL-8 (-251T/A) polymorphism and OC susceptibility, but the C allele and GC and CC genotypes of IL-6 (-174G/C) polymorphism were associated with the risk of OC based on subgroup analyses, that is to say, the source of control and the genotyping method might bias the pattern of association. Conclusions: The meta-analysis confirmed that there was no association between the polymorphisms of IL-6 (-174G/C) and IL-8 (-251T/A) and the susceptibility of OC. However, the source of control and the genotyping method could unfavorably impact on the association between the polymorphisms of IL-6 (-174G/C) and the risk OC

Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Critically Ill Patients

BACKGROUND: Abdominal compartment syndrome patients suffer severe obstacles such as kidney failure and shock. To evade further complications, identifying the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) and Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), in critically ill individuals and hospitalised in the intensive care unit (ICU) is obligated. AIM: The current study intended to study the abdominal compartment syndrome and the concomitant risk factors among hospitalised patients in ICU, by using the Intra-abdominal pressure test. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty-five hospitalised patients at ICU entered the current survey. Abdominal pressure was measured by standard intravesical technique. The SPSS 21 analysed the preoperative and intraoperative factors such as demographic records and comorbidities. RESULTS: Seventy-three (58.4%) participants were males, and 52 (41.6%) were women in the mean age of 55.1 ± 18.3 years. Eighty-nine patients (71.2%) showed normal intra-abdominal pressure since 31 patients (24.8%), and 5 patients (4%) developed IAH and ACS. The intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) applied to Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Acute Physiology, shock, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), central venous oxygen saturation and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score (P < 0.05). Patients with high IAP have shown a higher mortality frequency, compared to others (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Current findings showed a correlation between IAP hospitalised patients in ICU and shock, SIRS, APACHE II, central venous oxygen saturation and GCS. Intra-abdominal pressure test, as a valuable prognosis test for the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) and Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), may offer better results when added to the routine medical checkup of ICU patients

Tilting the Balance: Therapeutic Prospects of CD83 as a Checkpoint Molecule Controlling Resolution of Inflammation

Chronic inflammatory diseases and transplant rejection represent major challenges for modern health care. Thus, identification of immune checkpoints that contribute to resolution of inflammation is key to developing novel therapeutic agents for those conditions. In recent years, the CD83 (cluster of differentiation 83) protein has emerged as an interesting potential candidate for such a “pro-resolution” therapy. This molecule occurs in a membrane-bound and a soluble isoform (mCD83 and sCD83, respectively), both of which are involved in resolution of inflammation. Originally described as a maturation marker on dendritic cells (DCs), mCD83 is also expressed by activated B and T cells as well as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and controls turnover of MHC II molecules in the thymus, and thereby positive selection of CD4+ T cells. Additionally, it serves to confine overshooting (auto-)immune responses. Consequently, animals with a conditional deletion of CD83 in DCs or regulatory T cells suffer from impaired resolution of inflammation. Pro-resolving effects of sCD83 became evident in pre-clinical autoimmune and transplantation models, where application of sCD83 reduced disease symptoms and enhanced allograft survival, respectively. Here, we summarize recent advances regarding CD83-mediated resolution of inflammatory responses, its binding partners as well as induced signaling pathways, and emphasize its therapeutic potential for future clinical trials

Cost-of-Illness Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iran

Diabetes is a worldwide high prevalence chronic progressive disease that poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems. The aim of this study is to provide a detailed economic burden of diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications in Iran in 2009 year.This is a prevalence-based cost-of-illness study focusing on quantifying direct health care costs by bottom-up approach. Data on inpatient hospital services, outpatient clinic visits, physician services, drugs, laboratory test, education and non-medical cost were collected from two national registries. The human capital approach was used to calculate indirect costs separately in male and female and also among different age groups.The total national cost of diagnosed T2DM in 2009 is estimated at 3.78 billion USA dollars (USD) including 2.04±0.28 billion direct (medical and non-medical) costs and indirect costs of 1.73 million. Average direct and indirect cost per capita was 842.6±102 and 864.8 USD respectively. Complications (48.9%) and drugs (23.8%) were main components of direct cost. The largest components of medical expenditures attributed to diabetes's complications are cardiovascular disease (42.3% of total Complications cost), nephropathy (23%) and ophthalmic complications (14%). Indirect costs include temporarily disability (335.7 million), permanent disability (452.4 million) and reduced productivity due to premature mortality (950.3 million).T2DM is a costly disease in the Iran healthcare system and consume more than 8.69% of total health expenditure. In addition to these quantified costs, T2DM imposes high intangible costs on society in terms of reduced quality of life. Identification of effective new strategies for the control of diabetes and its complications is a public health priority