ASTAR 2000 2004, AAMP 2002 キャンペーン ノ コウクウキ カンソク デ エラレタ ホッキョクイキ タイリュウケン ニ オケル シュンキ エアロゾル ノ サンラン ケイスウ リュウケイ ブンプ オヨビ ユソウ ケイタイ

アークティックヘイズの特性を解明するためにおこなわれた3つの観測キャンペーン(ASTAR 2000,AAMP 2002,ASTAR 2004)で,エアロゾルの散乱係数,粒径分布などの航空機観測をおこなった.いずれのキャンペーンにおいてもエアロゾル粒子をステンレス製インレットから客室内に導入し,ディフューザーで減速後に各測定装置に分配した.エアロゾルの光学的散乱係数はアークティックヘイズ時,4000 m程度までの高度でそれ以上と際立った違いが認められた.これに対し,対流圏上層の散乱係数は,アークティックヘイズ期,清浄期でほぼ同じレベルであった.ヘイズ期にはエアロゾルの粒径分布は,清浄期のものよりも大きく,気塊が発生から長時間経っていることを示した. ヘイズ層の微細構造を明らかにするためおこなったカーテンフライトの結果,エアロゾルは等温位面を輸送されていることがわかった.Airborne aerosol measurements of the Arctic haze were carried out during three campaigns, Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol and Radiation 2000 (ASTAR 2000), the Arctic Airborne Measurement Program 2002 (AAMP 2002) and ASTAR 2004. Aircraft used for the campaigns were Dornier for ASTAR 2000 2004 and Gulfstream II for AAMP 2002. For all measurements aerosol particles were introduced into the cabin through stainless inlets and distributed to several instruments via a diffuser. Scattering coefficient of aerosol particles measured with an integrating nephelometer during the Arctic haze period showed a distinct difference between the lower, i.e. up to around 4000 m, and higher troposphere. Meanwhile, scattering coefficients in higher troposphere during the Arctic haze were in the same degree with those after the Arctic haze. Size distribution obtained from the data of a particle counter indicates that aerosol particles in accumulation mode during the Arctic haze have larger geometric mean diameter than those after the haze season, which reflects the aged air mass in the Arctic haze. "Curtain flight" which was carried out to reveal the fine structure of the haze layer showed that aerosol particles are transported in the isentropic plane

Preliminary report of "Arctic Airborne Measurement Program 2002" (AAMP02)

The Arctic Airborne Measurement Program 2002(AAMP 02) campaign was carried out in March 2002 as one of the sub programs of the project Variations of atmospheric constituents and their climate impact in the Arctic". The main goal of the project was to investigate the transport, transformation and radiative effect of trace gases and aerosols, and their role in the global climate. An instrumented jet plane, Gulfstream II(G-II), was flown from Nagoya, Japan via Barrow, Alaska to Longyearbyen(78°N , 15°E ), Svalbard, crossing the Arctic Ocean in the lower stratospher. Three local flights were made over the Greenland Sea around Svalbard and two profile flights near Barrow. The plane was equipped with CO_2 and ozone analyzers, gas and aerosol sampling systems, aerosol particle counter, nephelometer, absorption photometer, PMS particle probes, sunphotometer, dew point hygrometer and dropsonde system. During the campaign, intensitive surface operations were also conducted at Ny-Ålesund(79°N , 12°E ), Svalbard. Vertical profiles of several trace gases gave information about transport, a new observation by sunphotometer derived an aerosol optical depth in the stratosphere, and another new observation by dropsonde gave information on the polar vortex

シュンキ カキ ノ ホッキョク タイリュウケン チュウ ノ タイキ エアロゾル ソセイ ト コンゴウ ジョウタイ ノ クウカン ブンプ

北極ヘイズが頻繁に出現する春季(3-4月),清浄な大気へ変化する時期(5-6月)の北極対流圏内のエアロゾル粒子の組成とその混合状態の空間分布に関して知見を得るため,日本-ドイツ共同で航空機を用いたエアロゾル観測を2000年3-4月(ASTAR 2000)と2004年5-6月(ASTAR 2004)にスバールバル諸島周辺で実施した.春季には酸性状態の硫酸粒子が主要だったのに対し,夏季に移行する時期(6月)には中性の硫酸塩粒子(おそらく(NH_4)_2SO_4)の割合が増加していた.北極ヘイズ現象下ではススを含む粒子の割合が増加し,その多くは外部混合状態で存在していた.一方,バックグラウンド時(非北極ヘイズ時)には,スス粒子の割合は減少し,多くが硫酸(塩)粒子と内部混合した状態だった.ここでは,海塩粒子変質の鉛直変化や土壌粒子の空間分布についても報告を行う.Airborne aerosol measurements around the Svalbard Archipelago were carried out in March-April, 2000 (ASTAR 2000) and in May-June, 2004 (ASTAR 2004) for better understanding of the spatial distribution of aerosol constituents and their mixing states. Major aerosol particles were sulfate particles in both campaigns. In ASTAR 2000 (spring), acidic sulfate particles (mostly H_2SO_4 droplets) were dominant, whereas the relative abundance of neutralized sulfate particles (probably (NH_4)_2SO_4) increased in the transition period (ASTAR 2004). Under Arctic haze conditions, higher relative abundance of aerosol particles containing soot was observed. Most of the soot collected during the haze was present as "external mixing states". In contrast, soot dominantly existed as "internal mixture" with sulfate particles under the background (non-haze) conditions. In the transition period (June in ASTAR 2004), the relative abundance of aerosol particles containing soot decreased clearly. Vertical features of sea-salt modification and spatial distribution of mineral particles are also reported

Optical and Chemical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols at Amami Oshima and Fukue Islands in Japan in Spring, 2001

The optical and chemical properties of atmospheric aerosols were determined from the ground-based measurements at Amami Oshima in April 2001 during the Asian Atmospheric Particle Environmental Change Studies (APEX) campaign and at Fukue Island in March 2001. At Amami Oshima from April 10 to 16, an aerosol event was observed in which the volume scattering coefficient and sulfate concentration of fine particles increased conspicuously. At the former term of the aerosol event, the single scattering albedo reached 0.98. At the latter term of the event, on the other hand, it was 0.80-0.90 and the concentrations of elemental carbon, aluminum, and zinc increased by a factor of several to ten times compared with the rest of the observation terms. Using chemical and backward trajectory analyses, it was established that the transparent aerosols, rich in sulfate, were converted from sulfur dioxide gas emitted by the Miyake Island volcano at the former term of the aerosol event, while the turbid and absorptive aerosols were anthropogenic aerosols appearing together with Asian yellow dust from continental China at the latter term of the event. The measurements at Fukue Island showed that the volume scattering coefficients as well as the concentrations of sulfate, elemental carbon, aluminum, and zinc were higher than those at Amami Oshima, while the single scattering albedo was relatively low. This study elucidates that in spring, large amounts of anthropogenic particles are frequently transported together with Asian yellow dust from inland continental China to the Pacific Ocean, and that the single scattering albedo and the ratio of organic to elemental carbons are approximately 0.80-0.85 and 1, respectively, over the north-western Pacific Ocean

Scattering coefficient, size distribution and the transport process of tropospheric aerosol in the Arctic region observed with an aircraft during ASTAR 2000/2004 and AAMP 2002 campaign in spring

Airborne aerosol measurements of the Arctic haze were carried out during three campaigns, Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol and Radiation 2000 (ASTAR 2000), the Arctic Airborne Measurement Program 2002 (AAMP 2002) and ASTAR 2004. Aircraft used for the campaigns were Dornier for ASTAR 2000 2004 and Gulfstream II for AAMP 2002. For all measurements aerosol particles were introduced into the cabin through stainless inlets and distributed to several instruments via a diffuser. Scattering coefficient of aerosol particles measured with an integrating nephelometer during the Arctic haze period showed a distinct difference between the lower, i.e. up to around 4000 m, and higher troposphere. Meanwhile, scattering coefficients in higher troposphere during the Arctic haze were in the same degree with those after the Arctic haze. Size distribution obtained from the data of a particle counter indicates that aerosol particles in accumulation mode during the Arctic haze have larger geometric mean diameter than those after the haze season, which reflects the aged air mass in the Arctic haze. "Curtain flight" which was carried out to reveal the fine structure of the haze layer showed that aerosol particles are transported in the isentropic plane

Aerosol observations at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard from December 1997 to March 1998

Aerosol observations were carried out at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard. Arctic from December 15, 1997 to March 11, 1998. Variation of aerosol particle number in the period measured by the optical particle counter is reported in this paper. Three observational flights around Svalbard were carried out between March 8 and 10,1998. The flights were part of the Arctic Airborne Measurement Program 1998 (AAMP 98). Detailed data in the above period are also reported for supporting discussions with flight observation data

Airborne measurement of ionic components in aerosol particles during AAMP98

During the Arctic Airborne Measurement Program 1998 (AAMP 98), atmospheric aerosols were collected onto PTFE filters from the inlet of Gulfstream II through a diffuser installed in the cabin. During the sampling the number concentrations of aerosol particles with diameters larger than 0.3 µm were continuously monitored with an optical particle counter (OPC) connected to the diffuser in parallel to the filter sampling line. The data from the OPC were transferred by serial communication to a computer and recorded. The filter samples were brought back to the laboratory, then extracted with ion exchanged water and the concentrations of anions and cations were analyzed by ion chromato­graphy. Detected ions were as follows: Cl^-, N02^-, 1 , N03^-, SO4^2-, Na^+, NH4+, K^+, Mg^2+, Ca^2+. Even at high altitudes Cl^- and Ca^2+ were frequently detected, in addition to SO4^2- , which is known as a major ionic component in the stratosphere

ホッキョクケン スバールバル ショトウ ニーオルスン ニ オケル 1997/98ネン トウキ エアロゾル カンソク

1997年12月15日から1998年3月日日までの期間，北極圏スパ ールパル諸島ニーオルスンにおいてエアロゾルの観測を行った．本報告では，主としてパーティクルカウンターのデータを用い、他の観測デー タを参考にして，この期間のエアロゾル個数濃度の変動を報告する．さらに北極圏航空機観測（Arctic Airborne Measurement Program 1998: AAMP 98）がスパールパル諸島周辺で行われた1998年3月8日から10日のエアロゾル，雲，降水のデー タについて，他の観測デー タの参考になるので，より詳細に報告し，エアロゾル濃度の変動の原因について考察した．Aerosol observations were carried out at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard. Arctic from December 15, 1997 to March 11, 1998. Variation of aerosol particle number in the period measured by the optical particle counter is reported in this paper. Three observational flights around Svalbard were carried out between March 8 and 10,1998. The flights were part of the Arctic Airborne Measurement Program 1998 (AAMP 98). Detailed data in the above period are also reported for supporting discussions with flight observation data

Aerosols in Arctic troposphere in spring and summer: spatial features of aerosol constituents and their mixing states

Airborne aerosol measurements around the Svalbard Archipelago were carried out in March-April, 2000 (ASTAR 2000) and in May-June, 2004 (ASTAR 2004) for better understanding of the spatial distribution of aerosol constituents and their mixing states. Major aerosol particles were sulfate particles in both campaigns. In ASTAR 2000 (spring), acidic sulfate particles (mostly H_2SO_4 droplets) were dominant, whereas the relative abundance of neutralized sulfate particles (probably (NH_4)_2SO_4) increased in the transition period (ASTAR 2004). Under Arctic haze conditions, higher relative abundance of aerosol particles containing soot was observed. Most of the soot collected during the haze was present as "external mixing states". In contrast, soot dominantly existed as "internal mixture" with sulfate particles under the background (non-haze) conditions. In the transition period (June in ASTAR 2004), the relative abundance of aerosol particles containing soot decreased clearly. Vertical features of sea-salt modification and spatial distribution of mineral particles are also reported