An investigation on the bear damages and reasons in Artvin

Artvin yöresi oldukça zengin bir yaban hayatı ekosistemine sahiptir. Bu ekosistemin en önemli öğelerinden birisi de Boz Ayı (Ursus arctos L.)’dır. Son yıllarda Artvin yöresinde ayı zararlarının arttığı yönünde yaygın bir kanaat oluşmuştur. Bu çalışmayla, ayı zararlarının gerçekten artış gösterip göstermediğinin tespit edilerek, varsa böyle bir artışın muhtemel sebepleri üzerinde durulmaya çalışılmış ve zararın kontrol edilebilmesi için gerekli tedbirler irdelenmiştir. Çalışmamızda, Artvin Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar (DKMP) Şube Müdürlüğü’nden alınan verilerden, Artvin halkı ile yapılan anketlerden, arazide gerçekleştirilen doğrudan ve dolaylı gözlemlerden faydalanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler değerlendirilerek zarar çeşitleri çıkarılmış ve bu zararların sebepleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Yapılan tespitler sonucunda ayıların genellikle arı kovanlarına, evcil hayvanlara, ziraat alanlarına ve son olarak da insana zarar verdikleri ortaya konulmuştur. Bunların içerisinde en yoğun zararın ziraat alanlarına ve arı kovanlarına verildiği anlaşılmıştır.Artvin is rich in wildlife habitats and diversity. Brown bear is one of the most important species of these habitats because of its abundance and behavior. Recently, some villagers say that bear damage has been increased especially near to their settlements and cultivated areas. With this study, we intended to investigate bear damage and its effects on the people living near the bear habitats. To do this, we gathered data from records of Artvin Provincial Directorate of Natural Parks and Nature Conservation, applied questionnaires and made observations within the bear habitats and adjacent or neighboring villages

Murgul bakır madeni ve çevresindeki toprak ve sedimentlerde meydana gelen ağır metal kirliliğinin değerlendirilmesi

Abstract Aim of study: This study focuses on the changes of heavy metal pollution in soil and sediment. Study area: The study area covers Murgul district of Artvin located over the Eastern Black Sea region, Turkey. Material and method: Sampling areas were determined at distances in the direction of surface flow along the stream route where waste water was discharged by assuming the Copper Plant as the central point. A total of 54 soil and 10 sediment samples were taken from sampling points. Main results: The results of analysis of soil and sediment samples indicated that the mean values of Copper, Lead and Zinc were remarkably higher than the threshold values and the soil pH decreased as it moved away from the center point. The contaminated sediments, deposited over the years in the river bank sediments may act as secondary source of pollution to the covering water column in the river. Research highlights: Heavy metals from the soil during the rehabilitation activities to be applied in the mining sites, it is suggested to investigate the phytoremediation techniques, which are very successful and effective methods both economically and ecologically, and to use appropriate plant species in the rehabilitation areasÇalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışmada; toprak ve sedimentteki ağır metal kirliliğinin mesafeye bağlı olarak değişimi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma alanı: Türkiye’nin Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer alan Artvin İli, Murgul İlçesi sınırları içerisinde yer alan bakır işletmesi ve güzergâhını kapsamaktadır. Materyal ve yöntem: Örnek alanlar, merkez noktası bakır işletmesi kabul edilerek atık suyun boşaltıldığı dere güzergâhı boyunca yüzeysel akış yönünde belirlenmiştir. Örneklemede toplamda 0-10 ve 10-20 cm derinlik kademelerinden 54 adet toprak ve 0-10 cm derinlik kademesinden ise 10 adet sediment örneği alınmıştır. Temel sonuçlar: Toprak ve sediment örneklerinin ağır metal analiz sonuçlarına bakıldığında özellikle kirletici kaynağa yakın alanlarda Bakır, Kurşun ve Çinko değerlerinin ortalamaları sınır değerlerin çok üzerinde olduğu ve merkez noktadan uzaklaştıkça toprak asitliğinin azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma vurguları: Maden sahalarında yapılacak rehabilitasyon çalışmalarında ağır metallerin topraktan giderilmesine katkı yapmak üzere, hem ekonomik hem de ekolojik bakımdan oldukça başarılı ve etkin bir yöntem olan fitoremediasyon tekniklerinin araştırılması ve uygun bitki türlerinin belirlenerek kullanılması önerilmektedir.Artvin Coruh University: F10.02.0

Litter decomposition in burned corsican pine stands in Turkey

This study was carried out to determine the effects of forest fire on litter decomposition in Corsican pine (P. nigra) stands. The study is located in Vezirkopru Forest area in Samsun, Turkey. We made measurements of litter decomposition in 80 to 100 years old stands subjected to prescribed burning. Measurements were made between November, 2013 and October, 2014. 20x20 cm litter bags were placed on soil surface and collected in July and October. Sampling time had significant effect on litter decomposition (P 0.05)

Forest fire risk analysis via integration of GIS, RS and AHP: The Case of Çanakkale, Turkey

Forest fire is one of the high-risk natural disasters in the north-western Anatolia section of Turkey. This paper suggests a new approach based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for the development of forest fire-risk model. The proposed approach includes human factors as well as environmental factors. In this context, the 12 variables defined under anthropogenic and physical factors in the proposed model are the slope, elevation, aspect, vegetation type, crown closure, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), distance to road, settlement, and agricultural areas, population density, previous fires, and Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI). For each variable, a layer was created in the GIS database environment. GIS-layers were classified, considering the risk of potentially generating forest-fire of the relevant variables. In addition, to generate risk maps, the weights used in these GIS-layers were obtained by applying the AHP technique. One of the major results of the study shows that the rates of “extreme”, “very high”, “high”, and “moderate” risk areas are 3.87%, 63.46%, 32.13% and 0.53%, respectively. Another important result is that there are not observed the so called “no risk" and "low risk" classes in the region. The results let us to make a conclusion that the natural and human factors having significant contributions the region to be fire-prone. Yet, these results also indicate that rather than emphasizing forest-fire preparedness and mitigation, policy-makers manage forest-fires through reactive, crisis-oriented approaches. In contrast to crisis-based management plans, this study suggests that risk-based preventive plans should be developed and implemented

Assessing forest fire behavior simulation using FlamMap software and remote sensing techniques in Western Black Sea Region, Turkey 

European Community's INTERREG IV 'Black Sea Basin Joint Operational Programme 2007-2013 MIS ETC 2666 nr. 15610/25.02.2013 Central Finance and Contracts Unit (CFCU) in TURKEY TR08C1.01-02/323Aim of study: Forest fuels are very critical for fire behavior models and hazard maps. Relationship among wind speed, fuel moisture content, slope, and fuel type directs us to predict fire behavior of a given region. For this study, we evaluated fire behavior parameters such as fireline intensity and rate of fire spread using the fuel moisture content, slope, fuel load, and wind speed for the Bayam Forest District with the help of remote sensing techniques and FlamMap software. Area of study: The study area is located in Bayam Forest District in the city of Taskopru, Kastamonu, a Western Black Sea region of Turkey. Material and Methods: In order to estimate and map forest fuel load of the study area, fuel models were developed using the parameters of the average vegetation height, 1-hr, 10-hr, and 100-hr fuel load, foliage, total fuel load, litter load and litter depth. Three basic fire descriptors (fireline intensity, rate of fire spread, and flame length) were calculated using FlamMap software with the parameters fuel load, wind speed, fuel moisture, and slope. Using the descriptors above, the historical fire data was overlaid with the fireline intensity maps to determine fire potential areas within the remote sensing and GIS framework. Main results: The results of this study showed that 20.0% of the region had low (<2 m min-1 ), 43.2% had moderate (2- 15 m min-1 ), 12.0% had high (15-30 m min-1 ), and 24.8% had very high (>30 m min-1 ) rate of fire spread, respectively. The fireline intensity map showed that 60.7% of the area was in low (0-350 kW m-1 ), 24.9% was in moderate (350-1700 kW m1 ), 1.3% was in high (1700-3500 kW m-1 ), and 13.0% was in very high (>3500 kW m-1 ) fireline intensity. Highlights: The spatial extent of fuel types was observed and three of the potential fire behavior predictors (fire intensity, rate of fire spread and flame length) were estimated using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The overlaid historical fire data showed that the most fire-prone areas are in the mixed young Anatolian black pine - Scots pine tree stands that have 40-70% canopy cover and that are in the young Anatolian black pine tree stands that have more than 70% canopy cove

The Social Appearance Anxiety in Adolescents, the Contribution Parent and Pear Attachment to Procedure of Depression

DergiPark: 625074trakyasobedThe aim of this study is to examine the contribution of social appearance anxiety, attachment of parents and peers in predicting depression in adolescents. The sample of the study consisted of 512 high school students who continued their education in the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th grades in Alanya in the 2018-2019 academic year. In the analysis of the data, Personal Information Form, Beck Depression Scale, Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, and Parent and Friends Attachment Inventory Short Form were used. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the data. It was observed that there was a significant relationship between depression and social appearance anxiety, attachment to mother, attachment to father, and attachment to friend, and the mentioned variables explained approximately 32% of the variance related to depression. The order of contribution to predicting depression; social appearance anxiety is in the form of attachment to the father, attachment to the mother and attachment to the friend. In addition, there was a significant relationship between depression and gender, income status and perceived parental attitude. Looking at the results, girls are more than boys; According to those with minimum wage income between 4000 TL and minimum wage income; those who perceive that they are authoritarian, inconsistent or irrelevant parental attitudes are higher than those who perceive that they are democratic parental attitudes. There was no significant difference in depression levels by grade level.Bu çalışmanın amacı, sosyal görünüş kaygısı, ebeveyn ve akrana bağlanmanın ergenlerde depresyonu yordamadaki katkılarını incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemi, 2018-2019 eğitim öğretim yılında, Alanya’da 9., 10., 11. ve 12. sınıfta öğrenimlerine devam eden toplam 512 lise öğrencisinden oluşmuştur. Verilerin toplanmasında Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Beck Depresyon Ölçeği, Sosyal Görünüş Kaygısı Ölçeği, Ebeveyn ve Arkadaşlara Bağlanma Envanteri Kısa Formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Depresyon ile sosyal görünüş kaygısı, anneye bağlanma, babaya bağlanma ve arkadaşa bağlanma arasında anlamlı düzeyde ilişkilerin olduğu, adı geçen değişkenlerin birlikte depresyona ilişkin varyansın yaklaşık % 32’sini açıkladığı görülmüştür. Depresyonu yordamaya katkı sırası; sosyal görünüş kaygısı, babaya bağlanma, anneye bağlanma ve arkadaşa bağlanma şeklindedir. Bunun yanında depresyon ile cinsiyet, gelir durumu ve algılanan anne baba tutumu arasında anlamlı ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuçlara bakıldığında, kızların erkeklere göre; asgari ücret altı geliri olanların asgari ücretle 4000 TL arası geliri olanlara göre; otoriter, tutarsız veya ilgisiz anne baba tutumu olduğunu algılayanların demokratik anne baba tutumu olduğunu algılayanlara göre depresyon düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Sınıf düzeyine göre ise depresyon düzeylerinde anlamlı bir fark görülmemiştir

Short term effects of prescribed fire on soil microbial biomass of black pine forests

In this study, we were examined of changes microbial carbon (MBC) and microbial Nitrogen (MBN) after one month controlled fire. The study area consist of sloping and flat areas, high and low intensity of burnt areas and control areas (unburned) including (flat low intensity: FLI, flat high intensity: FHI, smooth low intensity: SLI, smooth high intensity: SHI and 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm depth soil). In terms of microbial carbon on the upper soil in the flat high intensity and upper and lower soil in the smooth high intensity, there was a significant differences between burning and unburning area. Also, microbial carbon has been reduced approximately 50 % in the burning area. İn terms of microbial nitrogen has been found a significant reduction between upper and lower soil in the smooth low intensity area. However, we found a significant increase in the lower soil on smooth high intensity area. With regard to microbial carbon were found a significant differences between the intensity of the effect of low and high fire in burning areas. There were a significant relationship between microbial carbon and microbial nitrogen and also organic matter. Microbial carbon was also found a positive correlation with Ph (?<0,05). As a result, in the short term of fire reducing of microbial biomass on the top soil (0-5 cm). In addition, microbial nitrogen was increased and microbial carbon was reduced after fire. Additionaly, after fire microbial nitrogen was increasing in the lower soil and microbial biomass may decrease the usability of the organic karbon

Forest fire influence on microbial biomass of forest soils: a review

Microbial biomass is one of the important companent of the C and N cycling in soil. It directly affects soil biological activity. Being a storage medium for C and N, microbial biomass, interacts many biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Forest fires affect soil microbial biomass as other soil properties do. In this study, a general evaluation was made on the effects of forest fire on soil microbial biomass. In general, the effect of forest fire on soil microbial biomass is negative. Both natural and prescribed fires affect soil microbial carbon but the magnitude of the effect is larger in natural fires. This effect could be negative or positive in short term, but in long term the effect is mainly negative. The fire effected upper soil is generally adversly affected while the deeper soil is affected positively. Fire effect on microbial biomass should be evaluated considering climate and the other ecosystem companents all together

Fire behavior in Mediterranean shrub species (Maquis)

The prediction of fire behavior in fire prone ecosystems is of vital importance in all phases of fire management including fire prevention, presuppression, suppression and fire use. This paper deals with an experimental burning exercise conducted in the Mediterranean region in Turkey. A series of 18 experimental fires were carried out in tall maquis fuels in Asar District, Antalya, southwestern Turkey. The site was selected for its structural homogeneity. But, there was an apparent variation in the fuel loadings in different plots. Weather conditions were within reasonable ranges during the burns. Wind speed ranged from 4.8 to 14.4 km h(-1), relative humidity from 16 to 76% and air temperature from 23.7 to 36 degrees C. Of the fire behavior characteristics, rate of spread ranged from 0.38 to 7.35 m min(-1), fuel consumption from 1.57 to 3.05 kg m(-2), and fire intensity from 188.72 to 5906.48 kW m(-1). Rate of spread was related to wind speed, relative humidity, moisture content of live fuels and vegetation cover. Fuel consumption was related to fuel loading and wind speed, and fire intensity was related to wind speed, moisture contents of live fuels and mean vegetation height and vegetation cover. Results obtained in this study should be invaluable in fire management planning

Nitrogen mineralization in burned corsican pine stands

This study was carried out to determine the effects of fire on the nitrogen mineralization. The study was conducted in Vezirkopru Forest area of Samsun Province, Turkey. We made measurements of nitrogen mineralization in 80 to 100 years old Corsican pine(P. nigra) stands subjected to prescribed burning. Measurements were made between November, 2013 and October, 2014. There was no significant difference between burned and control areas in nitrogen mineralization except total N mineralization in 5-10 cm soil depth. The effect of sampling time on the amount of total N mineralization were found to be significant except NH4 mineralization in 5-10 cm depth (P <0.05). The effect of the fire intensity on N mineralization was not significant (P <0.05). We found significant slope factor effect in burned sites in N mineralization (P <0.05), but this effect was not significant in the control sites. N mineralization in the sites with 20-30% slope were lower than N min. in the flat areas in the burned sites, but this was opposite in the control sites. The mean total N mineralization in flat sites were 33,3 kg/ha in burned sites and 32,4 kg/ha in control sites. In the areas with slope, mean total N mineralization were 24,9 kg/ha in burned and 41,1 kg/ha in control sites