Analysis of Chemical Practicum Guides for Learning Evaluation Based on the National Education Standards

This study aims to analyze the outstanding practicum guides so as to know the feasibility of practicum guidance books that are suitable for grade XI students of odd semester high school. This research is also part of the study of the development of STEM-DL integrated practicum guides to improve student learning outcomes. The samples in this study are two chemistry lab guides of XI Senior High School (SMA) that have been spreading. There are three aspects to the assessment of this book, namely the appropriateness of content, the appropriateness of language, and the appropriateness of presentation using a Likert scale. The analysis used is descriptive analysis which is done by calculating the percentage value of content, language and presentation. The results of the feasibility analysis of chemical practicum guides that are spread based on national education agency standards. 1) the feasibility of the contents of book A 2.04 and book B 2.41, 2) the feasibility of book A language 2.60 and book B 3.00 and 3) the feasibility of presenting book A 2, 14 and book B 2.57

TRANSFORMATION OF RICINOLEIC OF CASTOR OIL INTO LINOLEIC (OMEGA-6) AND CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID BY DEHYDRATION

The ricinoleic of Castor Oil was dehydrated by various dehydrator agent (P2O5, K2CO3, H3PO4, NaHSO4, Al2O3, molecular sieve and activated bentonite at 450 °C - HCl) on the same condition (150 °C, mol ratio 1:1 and 2 hours ). The compositions of Refined Ricinus Castor Oil as starting material were : 0.92% palmitic , 5.56% linoleic , 4.07% octadecanoic , 1.22% stearic and 85.06% ricinoleic. The spesific wave number of IR was bandwith 3411 cm-1 caused of hydroxyl (-OH) group of ricinoleic at C-12 as main component. The product was Dehydrated Castor Oil (DCO) mixed of linoleic (omega 6) [C18 : 2 (9,12)] and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) [C18: 2 (9,11)]. The best dehydrator was P2O5 based on three parameters were : Free Fatty Acid (FFA) nearly the same (1.855% of Castor oil and 2.139% of DCO), the most increased of Iodium value (49.860 mg/g of Castor oil in to 63.090 mg/g of DCO), and the most decresed of hydroxyl number (28.27 mg of Castor oil in to 17.75 mg/g of DCO). To optimized the dehydration was done by various number of P2O5 (3g, 5g and 7g), tempereture (room, 100 °C and 150 °C) and time (2h, 2.5h, 3h, and 3.5h). The optimal conditon of dehydration was not found yet. Some of sugestted or idea for dehydration were: dehydration must be done by base or netral, non oxydator dehydrator, mol ratio 1:1, temperature (100-150 °C) and 2-3.5 h. Based on GC-MS the best DCO (7g P2O5, 150 °C and 3.5 h) were showed that the decrease of ricinoleic 14.13% (85.08% of Castor Oil in to 70.93% of DCO), increased linoleic 2.09% (5.56 of Castor oil in to 7.65% of DCO) and conducted of 9.09% CLA. Some new peaks between linoleic and ricinoleic are maybe isomer's of linoleic and CLA. The wave number of cunjugated alkene (C=C) (1666.3 cm-1) of IR spectra of DCO together with GC-MS chromatogram's to indicated that linoleic and CLA were conducted.   Keywords: castor oil, risinoleic, dehydration, omega 6 dan CL

TRANSFORMATION OF RICINOLEIC OF CASTOR Oil INTO LINOLEIC (OMEGA-6) AND CONJUGATED LINOLEICACID BY DEHYDRATION Transformasi Risinoleat Minyak Jarak Seeara Dehidrasi Menjadi Linoleat Omega 6 dan Linoleat Terkonjugasi

ABSTRACT The ricinoleic of Castor Oil was dehydrated by various cehydrator agent (P20S, K2C03, H3P04, NaHS04, A1203, molecular sieve and activated bentonite at 450°C -HCI) on the same condition (150°C, mol ratio 1:1 and 2 hours). The compositions of Refined Ricinus Castor Oil as starting material were: .0.92%palmitic, 5.56% linoleic, 4.07% octadecanoic, 1.22% stearic and 85.06% ricinoleic. The spesific wave number of IR was bandwith 3411 cm" caused of hydroxyl (-OH) group of ricinoleic at C-12 as mai,component. The product was Dehydrated Castor Oil (DCO) mixed of linoleic (omega 6) [C18: 2 (9,12)] and ConjugatedLinoleicAcid (CLA)[C18: 2 (9,11)]. The best dehydrator was P20Sbased on three parameters were : Free Fatty Acid (FFA) nearly the same (1.855% of Castor oil and 2.139% of DCO), the most increased of lodium value (49.860 mg/g of Castor oil in to 63.090 mg/g of DCO), and the most decresedof hydroxyl number (28.27mg of Castor oil in to 17.75mg/g of DCO). Tooptimizedthedehydrationwasdoneby variousnumberof P20S (3g,5gand7g),tempereture(room,100°C and 150 °C) and time (2h, 2.5h, 3h, and 3.5h). The optimal conditon of dehydration was not found yet. Some of sugestted or idea for dehydration were: dehydration must be done by base or netral, non oxydator dehydrator, mol ratio 1:1,temperature(100-150°C)and2-3.5 h. Basedon GC-MSthebestDCO(7gP20S, 150°Cand3.5h) were showed that the decrease of ricinoleic 14.13%(85.08%pf Castor Oil in to 70.93%of DCO), increased linoleic 2.09% (5.56 of Castor oil in to 7.65% of DCO) and conducted of 9.09% CLA. Some new peaks between linoleic and ricinoleic are maybe isomer\u27s of linoleic and .eLA. The wave number of cunjugated alkene (C=C) (1666.3 cm-1)of IR spectra of DCO together with GC-MSchromatogram\u27s to indicated that linoleic and CLA were conducted. Keywords: castor oil, risinoleic, dehydration, omega 6 dan CL

Study of Dehydration of Ricinoleic of Castor Oil By P2O5

The aim of this research is to find out the best temperature, time and amount of dehydrator on dehyration of ricinoleic of castor oil by P2O5. Dehydration as means to obtain linoleic and CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) as glyseride forms. Dehydration was carried out using various temperature, time and amount of dehydrator. The reaction medium was maintained under vacuum through by silica gel to reduced water, gentle bubling with nitrogen thorough by Mg to prevent oxidation, and used Zn powder as an antipolymerization agent. Dehydration was followed by GC which the best result was caused the lowest ricinoleic and the highets linoleic and CLA. Identification was done by FTIR, UV and GC- MS and it was compared with the standard. The best dehydration was obtain for 200oC, 3% (w/w) P2O5, and 4 h with a convertion factor (yield) of 97,94%. The composition of best result was: 1.02% (9c – 12c) linoleic, 41.97% (9c/t – 12t/c) linoleic, 19.50% (9c/t-12t/c) CLA, 4.89% (9t – 12t)linoleic,19.79%(9t–11t)CLA and0.94%ricinoleic.TheratioofCLA:linoleicofdehydrated was 0.82 : 1 or 76.18 % compared to the standard CLA with the proportions of 1.45:1

Transformasi risinoleat minyak kastor: menjadi berbagai senyawa yang lebih bermanfaat

xii, 156 p. ; 23 cm

SPEKTROSKOPI:ELUSIDASI STRUKTUR MOLEKUL ORGANIK/SM-17

viii+96hlm;16x23c

PENGELOLAAN DAN MANAJEMEN LABORATORIUM KIMIA/SM-16/SM-19

xii+54hlm,1jild.;21x26c

Kimia organik umum

x, 198 hlm. : ilus. ; tab. ; 22 cm

Spektroskopi elusidasi struktur molekul organik

viii, 96 hlm. : ilus. ; tab. ; 23 cm

Kimia organik umum

Hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan gugus fungsional (penggolongan), sifat kimia dan fisika dan kimia, fenomena isomer untuk senyawa organik secara sederhana namun komprehensip dikemukakan dalam buku ini yang meliputi: teori struktur molekul, alkana dan sikloalkana, alkena dan alkuna, alkohol dan eter, aldehid dan keton, senyawa karboksilat dan turunannya, senyawa aromatis, senyawa organo halogen, amina, analisa senyawa organik, keisomeran, gugus fungsi jamak, enolat, senyawa heterosiklik, senyawa hasil ala