Adoption par les consommateurs de produits innovants : le cas des « yaourts » au soja

Dans le cadre d’une recherche sur les substitutions entre produits végétaux et produits animaux, nous étudions l’adoption par les consommateurs des « yaourts » au soja. Nous montrons tout d’abord qu’après 30 ans d’existence, les yaourts au soja ne représentent que 2% du marché global des yaourts. Cette faible part de marché peut s’expliquer en partie par des prix qui restent supérieurs aux prix des yaourts au lait de vache. Ce marché reste dominé par quelques marques nationales notamment en raison de leur offre importante de variétés (aromes). Elle peut également s’expliquer par la faible adoption des yaourts au soja par les consommateurs. Ainsi, au cours d’une année, moins de 1% des ménages achètent uniquement des yaourts au soja alors que près de 90% des ménages ne consomment pas du tout de yaourts au soja. De plus, la plupart des ménages qui achètent des yaourts au soja achètent également des yaourts au lait de vache. La probabilité d’adoption des produits au soja est plus forte pour les ménages urbains. Inversement la présence d’enfants dans le ménage diminue significativement la probabilité d’achat. Le niveau de revenu joue un rôle mais relativement faible

The impact of working conditions on employers' labour demand of older workers : A cross-sectional study on the Swedish labour market

The objective of this essay is to identify the different implications that hard and demanding working conditions may have on firms’ labour demand of older workers. The theoretical framework developed in this study is based on Lazear’s deferred compensation theory and adapted for the purpose of the research question to take into consideration the impact of workplaces’ characteristics. Several hypotheses were put forward and tested with logit models and ordinary least squares regressions on a large dataset comprising information on over 2,000 Swedish firms. Results mainly show negative relationships between hard working conditions and the probability of hiring older workers, in particular concerning jobs implying mentally exhausting tasks. Results also tend to show that the higher the age, the lower the probability of being hired. However, the low statistical significance of the results is quite restrictive in terms of generalizability, and further researches are needed to pin down clear trends about the consequences of the different characteristics of the working conditions on the labour demand of older workers, especially concerning the dichotomy between physically demanding tasks and mentally exhausting tasks

To become or not to become French: Conscription, naturalization, and labor market integration

We examine how changing the costs of acquiring citizenship translates into naturalization decisions for second-generation immigrants, and the effect of naturalization on their labor market outcomes. We exploit the abolition of mandatory military service in France as an exogenous reduction in the cost of citizenship for men. We find that the reform induced a jump in male naturalization rates, entirely driven by European Union citizens. Using a Synthetic Difference-inDifferences , we show that the probability of employment for EU males consequently increased by 2 percentage points, mainly through a reduction in inactivity rather than unemployment. We provide suggestive evidence that this effect is mainly driven by an increase in public-sector employment and a reduction in self-employment, and is associated with an enhanced sense of belonging

La mobilité intergénérationnelle de revenus en France : une analyse comparative et géographique

PrésentationDans quelle mesure les revenus des individus sont-ils liés à ceux de leurs parents ?Dans un contexte d’accroissement des inégalités économiques, cette question revêt une importance capitale pour apprécier l’égalité des chances au sein d’une société. Cette note examine la mobilité intergénérationnelle de revenus en France, en s’intéressant aux enfants nés dans les années 1970. À la différence des travaux existants pour la France, les auteurs mesurent les revenus au niveau du ménage, permettant de rendre compte plus fidèlement du positionnement socio-économique que le revenu individuel.Résultats clésLa France se caractérise par une faible mobilité intergénérationnelle de revenus par rapport aux autres pays développés. Seuls 9,7% des enfants issus des 20% des ménages aux revenus les plus faibles se retrouvent parmi les 20% des ménages les plus aisés à l’âge adulte, soit 4 fois moins que les enfants des 20% des parents les plus aisés.La probabilité d’obtenir un diplôme de l’enseignement supérieur augmente fortement avec le revenu des parents. Les enfants de familles défavorisées ont 2,5 fois moins de chances d’obtenir un diplôme du supérieur que ceux issus de familles très favorisées.La mobilité intergénérationnelle varie considérablement sur le territoire et apparaît particulièrement corrélée au taux de chômage local.La mobilité géographique entre l’enfance et l’âge adulte est associée à une augmentation importante de la mobilité ascendante. Les individus nés de parents aux revenus les plus faibles et qui déménagent vers un département à hauts revenus atteignent en moyenne le même niveau de revenu que les enfants de familles aisées qui n’ont pas déménagé

The Anatomy of Intergenerational Income Mobility in France and its Spatial Variations

We provide new estimates of intergenerational income mobility in France for children born in the 1970s using rich administrative data. Since parents' incomes are not observed, we employ a two-sample two-stage least squares estimation procedure. At the national level, every measure of intergenerational income persistence (intergenerational elasticities, rank-rank correlations, and transition matrices) suggests that France is characterized by relatively strong persistence relative to other developed countries. Children born to parents in the bottom 20% of their income distribution have a 10.1% probability of reaching the top 20% as adults. This probability is of 39.1% for children born to parents in the top 20%. At the local level, we find substantial spatial variations in intergenerational mobility. It is higher in the West of France and particularly low in the North and in the South. We uncover significant relationships between absolute upward mobility and characteristics of the environment an individual grew up in, such as the unemployment rate, population density, and income inequality

To become or not to become French: Conscription, naturalization, and labor market integration

We examine how changing the costs of acquiring citizenship translates into naturalization decisions for second-generation immigrants, and the effect of naturalization on their labor market outcomes. We exploit the abolition of mandatory military service in France as an exogenous reduction in the cost of citizenship for men. We find that the reform induced a jump in male naturalization rates, entirely driven by European Union citizens. Using a Synthetic Difference-in-Differences, we show that their probability to be in employment consequently increased by 2 percentage points, mainly through a reduction in inactivity rather than unemployment. We provide suggestive evidence that this effect is mainly driven by an increase in public-sector employment and a reduction in self-employment, and is associated with an enhanced sense of belonging

To become or not to become French: Conscription, naturalization, and labor market integration

We examine how changing the costs of acquiring citizenship translates into naturalization decisions for second-generation immigrants, and the effect of naturalization on their labor market outcomes. We exploit the abolition of mandatory military service in France as an exogenous reduction in the cost of citizenship for men. We find that the reform induced a jump in male naturalization rates, entirely driven by European Union citizens. Using a Synthetic Difference-in-Differences, we show that their probability to be in employment consequently increased by 2 percentage points, mainly through a reduction in inactivity rather than unemployment. We provide suggestive evidence that this effect is mainly driven by an increase in public-sector employment and a reduction in self-employment, and is associated with an enhanced sense of belonging

Mobilité intergénérationnelle des revenus en France : nouvelles estimations

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Intergenerational Income Mobility in France: A Comparative and Geographic Analysis

We provide new estimates of intergenerational income mobility in France for children born in the 1970s using rich administrative data. Since parents' incomes are not observed, we employ a two-sample two-stage least squares estimation. We show, using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, that this method slightly underestimates rank-based measures of intergenerational persistence. Our results suggest France is characterized by a strong persistence relative to other developed countries. 9.7% of children born to parents in the bottom 20% reach the top 20% in adulthood, four times less than children from the top 20%. We uncover substantial spatial variations in intergenerational mobility across departments, and a positive relationship between geographic mobility and intergenerational upward mobility. The expected income rank of individuals from the bottom of the parent income distribution who moved towards high-income departments is around the same as the expected income rank of individuals from the 75 th percentile who stayed in their childhood department

Adoption par les consommateurs de produits innovants : le cas des « yaourts » au soja

Dans le cadre d’une recherche sur les substitutions entre produits végétaux et produits animaux, nous étudions l’adoption par les consommateurs des « yaourts » au soja. Nous montrons tout d’abord qu’après 30 ans d’existence, les yaourts au soja ne représentent que 2% du marché global des yaourts. Cette faible part de marché peut s’expliquer en partie par des prix qui restent supérieurs aux prix des yaourts au lait de vache. Ce marché reste dominé par quelques marques nationales notamment en raison de leur offre importante de variétés (aromes). Elle peut également s’expliquer par la faible adoption des yaourts au soja par les consommateurs. Ainsi, au cours d’une année, moins de 1% des ménages achètent uniquement des yaourts au soja alors que près de 90% des ménages ne consomment pas du tout de yaourts au soja. De plus, la plupart des ménages qui achètent des yaourts au soja achètent également des yaourts au lait de vache. La probabilité d’adoption des produits au soja est plus forte pour les ménages urbains. Inversement la présence d’enfants dans le ménage diminue significativement la probabilité d’achat. Le niveau de revenu joue un rôle mais relativement faible.As part of a research on substitutions between plant based and animal - based food products, we study consumer adoption of soy yoghurt. We first show that after 30 years of existence, soy yoghurt represents only 2% of the global yoghurt market. This small market share can be part ly explained by prices that are still higher than the pric es of cow milk yogurts. This market is still dominated by national brands, particularly because of their large number of varieties (aromas). It can also be explained by a low adoption of soy yogurts by consumers. Indeed , in one year, less than 1% of househ olds buy only soy yogurt while almost 90% of households do not consume soy yogurt at all. In addition, m ost households that buy soy yogurts also buy yogurt made with cow milk . The probability of adoption of soy products is higher for urban households. Conv ersely, the existence of children in the household significantly decreases the probability of purchase. Income level plays a role even if its impact remains relatively low