Pragas da cultura de soja na região de Guaíra, SP.

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Parasitismo em bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro Perileucoptera coffeella (Guerin-Meneville, 1842) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) na região de Sumaré-SP.

De junho de 1994 a abril de 1995 foram feitas coletas quinzenais de folhas de cafeeiro infestadas pelo bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro Perileucoptera coffeella, de cinco diferentes propriedades em área de assentamento rural, na região de Sumaré/SP. As folhas foram mantidas no laboratório de Entomologia do CNPMA para observação da emergência de parasitóides. Parasitando as larvas foram encontrados os parasitóides Closterocerus coffeellae e Neochrysocharis coffeae sendo este ultimo encontrado em todas as lavouras estudadas. Parasitando pupas foram encontrados Neochrysocharis coffeae, Horismenus aeneicollis, Cirrospilus sp. e Tetrastichus sp. Nas lavouras estudadas são aplicados produtos a base de cobre para controle da ferrugem e ao que tudo indica essas pulverizações não estão prejudicando os parasitóides que existem em quantidade e diversidade de espécies

Floating formulation for Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis obtained from semi-solid rice medium.

A loopful of Bti mantained on Luria-Bertani agar medium was transferred to Bacto-Peptona agar medium. After 3 days at 30oC, the petri-disheswere washed with sterilized water (100ml/petri-dish). The suspension obtained represented the inoculum for the semi-solid rice-based fermentation medium. The growth units were incubated until complete sporulation of Bti. The resulting biomass was dried at 60oC in an oven for 24h, sieved through 60 tyler. The retained powder did not show any larvicidal activity. In parallel, colloidal bentonite was treated with organic macromolecules dissolved in toluene, after sedimentation, the botton phase was dried at 120oC for 4h. This treatment led to a spreading and floating clay which resulted in a good carrier for Bti. Then, the the two powders were mixed in the proportion of 1(Bti):150(clay). The bioassays were performed under laboratory conditions utilizing 2nd instar Culex sp. larvae, with 3 repetitions (20 larvae each) being observed during 96 hours. The data were treated with Abbott method. A complete methodology was developed to get floating units of Bti with 143 mg/m2 of biological activity

Parasitismo em pupários de Liriomyza spp. em tomateiro na região de Guaíra-SP.

Resumo: O tomateiro para processamento é uma das principais culturas da região de Guaíra-SP, Seu cultivo é conduzido com uso intensivo de pesticidas químicos, mas apesar disso ocorre elevada incidência de mosca minadora. Em um levantamento realizado em três propriedades, através da coleta de 50 folhas de tomateiro em cada uma, observou-se que, de alguns dos pupários encontrados houve emergência de parasitóides, identificados como Opius sp. Anagrus sp. e Chrysocharis sp., com uso potencial em controle biológica

De Novo Transcriptome of Safflower and the Identification of Putative Genes for Oleosin and the Biosynthesis of Flavonoids

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the most extensively used oil crops in the world. However, little is known about how its compounds are synthesized at the genetic level. In this study, Solexa-based deep sequencing on seed, leaf and petal of safflower produced a de novo transcriptome consisting of 153,769 unigenes. We annotated 82,916 of the unigenes with gene annotation and assigned functional terms and specific pathways to a subset of them. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that 23 unigenes were predicted to be responsible for the biosynthesis of flavonoids and 8 were characterized as seed-specific oleosins. In addition, a large number of differentially expressed unigenes, for example, those annotated as participating in anthocyanin and chalcone synthesis, were predicted to be involved in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. In conclusion, the de novo transcriptome investigation of the unique transcripts provided candidate gene resources for studying oleosin-coding genes and for investigating genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis and metabolism in safflower

Global Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles in Developing Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.) Seeds

Background: Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is an oilseed plant species with high potential utility as a biofuel. Furthermore, following recent sequencing of its genome and the availability of expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries, it is a valuable model plant for studying carbon assimilation in endosperms of oilseed plants. There have been several transcriptomic analyses of developing physic nut seeds using ESTs, but they have provided limited information on the accumulation of stored resources in the seeds. Methodology/Principal Findings: We applied next-generation Illumina sequencing technology to analyze global gen

Characterization of the cork oak transcriptome dynamics during acorn development

Background: Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) has a natural distribution across western Mediterranean regions and is a keystone forest tree species in these ecosystems. The fruiting phase is especially critical for its regeneration but the molecular mechanisms underlying the biochemical and physiological changes during cork oak acorn development are poorly understood. In this study, the transcriptome of the cork oak acorn, including the seed, was characterized in five stages of development, from early development to acorn maturation, to identify the dominant processes in each stage and reveal transcripts with important functions in gene expression regulation and response to water. Results: A total of 80,357 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were de novo assembled from RNA-Seq libraries representative of the several acorn developmental stages. Approximately 7.6 % of the total number of transcripts present in Q. suber transcriptome was identified as acorn specific. The analysis of expression profiles during development returned 2,285 differentially expressed (DE) transcripts, which were clustered into six groups. The stage of development corresponding to the mature acorn exhibited an expression profile markedly different from other stages. Approximately 22 % of the DE transcripts putatively code for transcription factors (TF) or transcriptional regulators, and were found almost equally distributed among the several expression profile clusters, highlighting their major roles in controlling the whole developmental process. On the other hand, carbohydrate metabolism, the biological pathway most represented during acorn development, was especially prevalent in mid to late stages as evidenced by enrichment analysis. We further show that genes related to response to water, water deprivation and transport were mostly represented during the early (S2) and the last stage (S8) of acorn development, when tolerance to water desiccation is possibly critical for acorn viability. Conclusions: To our knowledge this work represents the first report of acorn development transcriptomics in oaks. The obtained results provide novel insights into the developmental biology of cork oak acorns, highlighting transcripts putatively involved in the regulation of the gene expression program and in specific processes likely essential for adaptation. It is expected that this knowledge can be transferred to other oak species of great ecological value.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologi

An integrated bioinformatics analysis reveals divergent evolutionary pattern of oil biosynthesis in high- and low-oil plants

Seed oils provide a renewable source of food, biofuel and industrial raw materials that is important for humans. Although many genes and pathways for acyl-lipid metabolism have been identified, little is known about whether there is a specific mechanism for high-oil content in high-oil plants. Based on the distinct differences in seed oil content between four high-oil dicots (20~50%) and three low-oil grasses (<3%), comparative genome, transcriptome and differential expression analyses were used to investigate this mechanism. Among 4,051 dicot-specific soybean genes identified from 252,443 genes in the seven species, 54 genes were shown to directly participate in acyl-lipid metabolism, and 93 genes were found to be associated with acyl-lipid metabolism. Among the 93 dicot-specific genes, 42 and 27 genes, including CBM20-like SBDs and GPT2, participate in carbohydrate degradation and transport, respectively. 40 genes highly up-regulated during seed oil rapid accumulation period are mainly involved in initial fatty acid synthesis, triacylglyceride assembly and oil-body formation, for example, ACCase, PP, DGAT1, PDAT1, OLEs and STEROs, which were also found to be differentially expressed between high- and low-oil soybean accessions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct differences of oleosin in patterns of gene duplication and loss between high-oil dicots and low-oil grasses. In addition, seed-specific GmGRF5, ABI5 and GmTZF4 were predicted to be candidate regulators in seed oil accumulation. This study facilitates future research on lipid biosynthesis and potential genetic improvement of seed oil content