Evaluating the effect of heat transfer on cell disruption in ultrasound processes

Ultrasound is one of the mechanical methods used for disruption of microorganisms. Ultrasonic treatments of microorganisms are sensitive to a wide range of parameters such as net thermal power, residence time distribution (RTD), and the biological structure of the target microorganism. A commercial ultrasonic processor attached to a stainless steel processing cell was used in this research work. To evaluate the net heat dissipated in a small volume of the commercial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the suspension was subjected to 117 W at 20 kHz; the ultrasound cell was operated in a batch configuration with a Perspex base. Mixing of the yeast suspension and the RTD were evaluated using image processing techniques. The results of the present study showed that the heat lost through the stainless steel wall, Perspex base, and the Sonotrode (Titanium) was around 13.5% of the total power. The yeast disruption results were found to be positive. The yeast disruption test showed that complete yeast reduction can be achieved at 117 W and a specific energy of 1,146 kJ kg−1. Further study is needed to understand the real causes of microorganism disruption using ultrasound

Opportunities for Biodiesel Compatibility as a Modern Combustion Engine Fuel

This chapter summarizes the feasibility of effective utilization of biodiesel in modern vehicle engines. The parameters discussed in this chapter include diesel engine characterization and diagnostics including performance, emissions, and combustion behavior. The lifecycle and economic analyses with future scope of biodiesel are also described. From the review, it is conferred that a huge proportion of biodiesel is produced from edible vegetable oils, which is a threat to the food supply. Biodiesel sources are focused upon non-edible oils and other feedstocks that do not compete with the food crops. Therefore, the selection of appropriate feedstock is essential to confirm the low-cost production of biodiesel. Concerning the engine characteristics and combustion diagnostics, it can be ensured that biodiesel improves engine performance and emission characteristics with little engine modifications such as injection timing, pressure, exhaust gas recirculation, etc. The review holds well on the possibility of using biodiesel in diesel engines, but still it is not economically viable and needs more research and technology advancements to make it competitive with other conventional fuels in the marke