The prevalence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection in the oligospermic and azoospermic men

Background: Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases that affects men like women and infected cutaneous and mucosal squamous epithelium. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of HPV in the semen of oligospermic, azoospermic and normal patients. Methods: From June 2012 to June 2013, a total of 90 individuals were enrolled in this cross sectional comparative study. The participants were classified into three groups (oligospermia, azoosprmia and normal). This classification was based on a new WHO reference values for human semen characteristics published on 2010. After extraction of DNA from specimens L1 gene of HPV was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (Nested-PCR) and the PCR products of positive specimens were genotyped using INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra assay. Results: Among 50 confirmed oligospermic male, 15 were HPV DNA positive (30). In azoospemic group we had 8 HPV DNA positive (40) and in normal group just 3 of 20(15) samples were positive. Statistical assessment was done with SPSS v.15. Chi-square test showed no significant relationship between 3 groups results. Based on independent samples t-test, we found statistical significant relationship for sperm count (p<0.05) and sperm motility (slow) (p<0.05) in oligospermic group positive samples compared with negative. In the present study, 13 HPV genotypes were detected among positive samples. HPV genotypes 16, 45 in the high risk group and 6,11,42 in the low risk group were more frequent than the others. Conclusion: The current study shows that HPV infection can affect on sperm count and motility and decrease count of sperm cell and decrease motility capability of these cells

Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among Azerbaijani patients in capital city of Iran-Tehran

Background: Determination of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype distributed in a particular area has an important role on public health throughout the world. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of HCV genotypes in Azerbaijani patients. Patients and Methods: From March 2010 until March 2012, 235 Azerbaijani patients with established chronic hepatitis C, referred to Hospitals related to Iran University of Medical Sciences and Tehran Hepatitis Center, Clinical department of Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroeneterology and Liver Disease, were enrolled in this cross sectional study. About 5 mL of peripheral blood was collected from patients and after separation of plasma, viral RNA extracted. HCV-RNA were amplified by RT-nested PCR using primers from the 5�-UTR and genotyped by RFLP assay, and then HCV genotypes were confirmed using sequencing of cloned PCR products into pJET1.2/blunt cloning vector. Results: HCV genotyping of positive plasma samples demonstrated that predominant HCV subtype was noted for 1b (71.1) followed by subtype 3a (17.0), genotype 2 (6.8), 1a (1.7), and mixed infection (3.4). The mean ± SD age of patients was 37.3 ± 11.8 (range: 2-63) years. Out of 235 patients, 139 (59.1) were male. The frequency of HCV subtype 3a was higher in patients under 40 years old (3a: 18.1 vs. 15.0), and subtype 3a was higher in male patients (3a: 18.7 vs. 14.6). Conclusions: The current study shows that the predominant HCV genotype among Azerbaijani patients with established chronic hepatitis C is subtype 1b (71.1) followed by subtype 3a (17.0). © 2013, Kowsar Corp

New Concepts of Feasibility and Efficiency of Solutions in Fuzzy Mathematical Programming Problems

Some new concepts in regards to ᾱ-feasibility and ᾱ-efficiency of solutions in fuzzy mathematical programming problems are introduced in this paper, where ᾱ is a vector of distinct satisfaction degrees. Based on the defined concepts, a new method is suggested to solve fuzzy mathematical programming problems. In this sense, the proposed approach enables decision makers to take into account more flexible solutions by allowing desired distinct satisfactions in constraints. In the case of linear problems with fuzzy constraints, multi-parametric programming is employed to obtain the optimal solution as an affine function of distinct satisfaction degrees. In particular, it proves that the obtained solution is convex and continuous. Therefore, the different optimal solutions can be obtained by a simple substituting the new values of satisfaction parameters into the parametric profiles without any further optimization calculations, which is desirable for online optimization and sensitivity analysis of the profit to satisfaction parameters

Animal Diet Formulation with Floating Price

In the process of milk production, the highest cost relates to animal feed. Based on reports provided by the experts, around seventy percent of dairy livestock costs included feed costs. In order to minimize the total price of livestock feed, according to the limits of feed sources in each region or season, and also the transportation and maintenance costs and ultimately milk price reduction, optimization of the livestock nutrition program is an essential issue. Because of the uncertainty and lack of precision in the optimal food ration done with existing methods based on linear programming, there is a need to use appropriate methods to meet this purpose. Therefore, in this study formulation of completely mixed nutrient diets of dairy cows is done by using a fuzzy linear programming in early lactation. Application of fuzzy optimization method and floating price make it possible to formulate and change the completely mixed diets with adequate safety margins. Therefore, applications of fuzzy methods in feed rations of dairy cattle are recommended to optimize the diets. Obviously, it would be useful to design suitable software, which provides the possibility of using floating prices to set feed rations by the use of fuzzy optimization method

CHEBYSHEV ACCELERATION TECHNIQUE FOR SOLVING FUZZY LINEAR SYSTEM

In this paper, Chebyshev acceleration technique is used to solve the fuzzy linear system (FLS). This method is discussed in details and followed by summary of some other acceleration techniques. Moreover, we show that in some situations that the methods such as Jacobi, Gauss-Sidel, SOR and conjugate gradient is divergent, our proposed method is applicable and the acquired results are illustrated by some numerical examples

A new method for ordering triangular fuzzy numbers

Ranking fuzzy numbers plays a very important role in linguistic decision making and other fuzzy application systems. In spite of many ranking methods, no one can rank fuzzy numbers with human intuition consistently in all cases. Shortcoming are found in some of the convenient methods for ranking triangular fuzzy numbers such as the coefficient of variation (CV index), distance between fuzzy sets, centroid point and original point, and also weighted mean value. In this paper, we introduce a new method for ranking triangular fuzzy number to overcome the shortcomings of the previous techniques. Finally, we compare our method with some convenient methods for ranking fuzzy numbers to illustrate the advantage our method

CHEBYSHEV ACCELERATION TECHNIQUE FOR SOLVING FUZZY LINEAR SYSTEM

In this paper, Chebyshev acceleration technique is used to solve the fuzzy linear system (FLS). This method is discussed in details and followed by summary of some other acceleration techniques. Moreover, we show that in some situations that the methods such as Jacobi, Gauss-Sidel, SOR and conjugate gradient is divergent, our proposed method is applicable and the acquired results are illustrated by some numerical examples

A fuzzy multi-objective model for a project management problem

In this research, the multi-objective project management decision problem with fuzzy goals and fuzzy constraints are considered. We constitute α-cut approach and two various fuzzy goal programming solution methods for solving the Multi-Objective Project Management (MOPM) decision problem under fuzzy environments. The Interactive fuzzy multi-objective linear programming (i-FMOLP) and Weighted Additive approaches are proposed for solving multi-objective PM decision problem where fuzzy information are demonstrated by using linear membership functions (LMF). The proposed approaches effort contemporarily to minimize the total project costs, total completion time and total crashing costs and the several constraints such as the time between events i and j, the crashing time for activity (i,j) and the total budget capital. The weight of criteria for each objective function base on project DM preference degree computed with Fuzzy AHP technique. The performance analysis calculated with a set of distance metric for i-FMOLP and Weighted Additive solution methods that represent uncertainty goals and constraints in PM decision problem with ideal solution in an industrial case study is compared

Animal Diet Formulation with Floating Price

In the process of milk production, the highest cost relates to animal feed. Based on reports provided by the experts, around seventy percent of dairy livestock costs included feed costs. In order to minimize the total price of livestock feed, according to the limits of feed sources in each region or season, and also the transportation and maintenance costs and ultimately milk price reduction, optimization of the livestock nutrition program is an essential issue. Because of the uncertainty and lack of precision in the optimal food ration done with existing methods based on linear programming, there is a need to use appropriate methods to meet this purpose. Therefore, in this study formulation of completely mixed nutrient diets of dairy cows is done by using a fuzzy linear programming in early lactation. Application of fuzzy optimization method and floating price make it possible to formulate and change the completely mixed diets with adequate safety margins. Therefore, applications of fuzzy methods in feed rations of dairy cattle are recommended to optimize the diets. Obviously, it would be useful to design suitable software, which provides the possibility of using floating prices to set feed rations by the use of fuzzy optimization method