Biotypes of Candida albicans isolated from clinical material of hospitalized patients

Metodom biotipizacije po Oddsu i Abbottu tipizirano je 910 izolata vrste Candida albicans iz uzoraka materijala različitih organskih sustava 360 hospitaliziranih bolesnika. Tipizacijom je dobiveno 79 biotipova, a 14 najučestalijih (355, 305, 345, 155, 357, 105, 315, 144, 157, 115, 057, 257, 300 i 244) činilo je 89,3 % svih biotipova ove vrste. Najučestaliji biotip bio je 355 i činio je 20,9 % svih biotipova vrste C. albicans iz svih uzoraka. Ovaj biotip bio je zastupljen s 36,2 % u izolatima iz kardiovaskularnog sustava, s 21,4 % u izolatima iz dišnog sustava, s 20,1 % u izolatima iz probavnog sustava, s 19,5 % u izolatima iz obrisaka kože, s 19,4 % u izolatima iz središnjeg živčanog sustava i sa 17,1 % u izolatima iz spolnomokraćnog sustava. Ova metoda biotipizacije pogodna je za epidemiološka istraživanja zastupljenosti biotipova vrste C. albicans, jer omogućava ispitivanje velikog broja izolata, a ne iziskuje velike materijalne troškove i skupu opremu.Using the Odds and Abbott method, 910 isolates of Candida albicans were typed. They were isolated from samples of different systems in 360 hospitalized patients. Typing revealed 79 biotypes where 14 (355, 305, 345, 155, 357, 105, 315, 144, 157, 115, 057, 257, 300 i 244) of them were the most common, accounted for 89.3 % of all biotypes. The most common biotype, 355, made up 20.9 % of all biotypes of this species isolated from all samples. It was present in 36.2 % of isolates from the cardiovascular system, 21.4 % of isolates from the respiratory system, 20.1 % of isolates from the gastrointestinal system, 19.5 % of isolates from the skin, 19.4 % of isolates from the central nervous system, and in 17.1 % of isolates from the urogenital system. This method is suitable for epidemiological research of the presence of C. albicans biotypes because it enables the testing of a large number of isolates with very low cost and reasonably simple equipment

Guidelines for antimicrobial treatment and prophylaxis of urinary tract infections – year 2006

Preporuke za antimikrobno liječenje i profilaksu infekcija mokraćnog sustava (IMS) donešene su prema rezultatima ispitivanja rezistencije najčešćih uzročnika IMS na antimikrobike što ga od 1997. godine provodi Odbor za praćenje rezistencije bakterija na antibiotike u Republici Hrvatskoj. Nekomplicirani cistitis liječi se 1, 3 ili 7 dana, komplicirani cistitis 7 dana, pijelonefritis 10–14 dana, a komplicirane IMS 7 do 14 dana, rijetko duže. U liječenju cistitisa rabe se fluorokinoloni, nitrofurantoin, betalaktamski antibiotici te u područjima niže rezistencije trimetoprim/sulfametoksazol. Jednokratna terapija fluorokinolonima primjenjuje se u inače zdravih mladih žena s normalnim urotraktom u kojih su simptomi cistitisa prisutni kraće od 7 dana. Empirijska antimikrobna terapija pijelonefritisa, rekurentnih i svih kompliciranih IMS treba se revidirati nakon nalaza urinokulture. U liječenju bakterijskog prostatitisa i febrilnih IMS muškaraca lijek prvog izbora je ciprofloksacin. Asimptomatska bakteriurija (AB) liječi se u trudnica, novorođenčadi, predškolske djece s abnormalnim urotraktom, prije invazivnih uroloških i ginekoloških zahvata, u primaoca transplantiranog bubrega, u prvim danima kratkotrajne kateterizacije mokraćnog mjehura. Antimikrobna profilaksa primjenjuje se prvenstveno jedan sat prije dijagnostičkog ili terapijskog invazivnog urološkog postupka odabranim antimikrobnim sredstvima.Recommendations for antimicrobial treatment and prophylaxis of urinary tract infections (UTI) have been made according to study results on the resistance of the most frequent causative agents of UTI to antimicrobial drugs. The Committee for monitoring bacterial resistance to antibiotics in the Republic of Croatia has been conducting this study since 1997. Uncomplicated cystitis is treated for 1, 3 or 7 days, complicated cystitis for 7 days, pyelonephritis 10–14 days, and complicated UTI 7 to 14 days, rarely longer. For the treatment of cystitis the following drugs are used: fluoroquinolones, nitrofurantoin, betalactam antibiotics, and in cases of lower resistance trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. A single therapy with fluoroquinolones is administered to otherwise healthy young women with normal urinary tract in whom cystitis symptoms have been present for less than 7 days. Empirical antimicrobial therapy of pyelonephritis, recurrent and all complicated UTIs must be reviewed after urine culture finding is obtained. In the treatment of bacterial prostatitis and febrile UTIs in males, the drug of first choice is ciprofloxacin. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is treated in pregnant women, newborns, preschool children with urinary tract abnormalities, before invasive urological and gynecological procedures, in kidney transplant recipients, and in the first days of short-term urinary bladder catheterization. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is administered primarily one hour prior to diagnostic or therapeutic invasive urological procedures, using selected antimicrobial agents

VIM-2 beta-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Zagreb, Croatia

The aim of this investigation was to characterize metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Zagreb, Croatia. One hundred P. aeruginosa isolates with reduced susceptibility to either imipenem or meropenem were tested for the production of MBLs by MBL-Etest. The susceptibility to a wide range of antibiotics was determined by broth microdilution method. The presence of bla(MBL) genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hydrolysis of 0.1 mM imipenem by crude enzyme preparations of beta-lactamases was monitored by UV spectrophotometer. Outer membrane proteins were prepared and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Six out of 100 isolates were positive for MBLs by Etest. All strains were resistant to gentamicin, ceftazidime and cefotaxime, and all except 1 were resistant to imipenem. Six strains positive for MBLs by Etest were identified as VIM MBL-producers by PCR. Sequencing of bla(VIM) genes revealed the production of VIM-2 beta-lactamase in all 6 strains. This investigation proved the occurrence of VIM-2 beta-lactamase among P. aeruginosa strains from Zagreb, Croatia. VIM-2 beta-lactamase with similar properties has previously been described in another region of Croatia and in Italy, France, Spain, Greece, Taiwan and South Korea, suggesting that this type of enzyme is widespread in the Mediterranean region of Europe and in the Far East