ВЛИЯНИЕ МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА НА ДОЛГОВУЮ КОРПОРАТИВНУЮ ПОЛИТИКУ

The author considers features of influence of finance solutions of management of the Russian public companies on debt policy. In a research are included indicators of internal growth and dividend payments by means of which it is possible to estimate corporate financial policy. Internal growth is the indicator of regulation of debt strategy, the including mechanism of precautionary motive. The dependence of the share price on the market value of assets defines installation of communication between the economic interests of shareholders and finance solutions of management. The indicator of dividend payments allows to estimate influence of external negative effects (shocks) on behavior of investors at profit assessment. Increase in dividend payments is connected with their financing from an external source. Management works in logic of precautionary motive, keeping a part of profit for further debt repayment before creditors. The management of the Russian companies not only influences the share price, but also regulates the level of a debt load. The company can use dividend payments on reinvestment of assets (as an investment resource). The author shows as the Russian public companies, solve a problem of adverse selection, switching to cheaper financing sources. The value of a debt is connected with the level of investment into the company. Pledge (property providing) is a guarantee for creditors. As, getting access to debt financing, the company provides to the creditor the complete information about property, thereby, reducing the risks connected with attraction of a debt. The Russian public companies react to changes of debt increase in value of size of assets that will be approved with recapitalization of the company (change of the capital structure due to debt increase and its use for dividend payouts to shareholders).В статье рассматриваются особенности влияния финансовых решений менеджмента российских публичных компаний на долговую политику. В исследование включены показатели внутреннего роста и дивидендных выплат, с помощью которых можно оценить корпоративную финансовую политику. Внутренний рост является индикатором регулирования долговой стратегии. Данный показатель позволяет оценить предупредительный мотив (политику компаний при выборе источника финансирования с учетом его цены). Зависимость цены акции от рыночной стоимости активов определяет установку связи между экономическими интересами акционеров и финансовыми решениями менеджмента. Показатель дивидендных выплат позволяет оценить влияние внешних негативных последствий (шоков) на поведение инвесторов при оценке прибыли. Увеличение дивидендных выплат связано с их финансированием из внешнего источника. Менеджмент действует в логике предупредительного мотива, сохраняя часть прибыли для дальнейшего погашения долга перед кредиторами. Руководство российских компаний не только влияет на цену акций, но и регулирует уровень долговой нагрузки. Организация может использовать дивидендные выплаты на реинвестирование активов (в качестве инвестиционного ресурса). Показано, как российские публичные компании решают проблему неблагоприятного отбора, переключаясь на более дешевые источники финансирования. Стоимость долга связана с уровнем инвестирования в компанию. Залог (имущественное обеспечение) является гарантией для кредиторов, поскольку, получая доступ к долговому финансированию, компания предоставляет кредитору полную информацию об имуществе, тем самым снижая риски, связанные с привлечением долга. Российские публичные компании реагируют на изменения задолженности увеличением значения величины активов, что согласуется с рекапитализацией компании (изменением структуры капитала за счет увеличения долга и использования его для выплат дивидендов акционерам)

企业收益率与国家货币政策

The author examines the features of the management policy and the monetary policy of the state on the profitability of the activities of Russian public companies (business profitability). The tightening of the monetary policy of the state (in particular, the growth of the key rate of the Bank of Russia without reference to the return on assets) may negatively affect the profitability of economic activity. The indicator of dividend payments is a signal for shareholders and potential investors. In addition, dividend payments are an indicator of the financial limitations of companies. Financial constraints are associated with the problem of adverse selection of financing - the choice of a source of financing taking into account its price. Effective management of current assets will allow rational use of them as an additional source of investment. The indicator of the contribution of management or internal growth allows you to evaluate external factors: market fluctuations, macroeconomic features, as well as the actions of financial speculators. This indicator establishes the real contribution of management to the value of the company. Systematic unprofitability of the company’s economic activity is a consequence of short-sighted financial policy or erroneous strategic decisions on the part of management. Management acts in accordance with fiduciary duties of integrity and reasonableness in the interests of the company and its shareholders expecting an increase in the value of the business. Therefore, the management decision should be made from the position of maximising market capitalisation. Then Russian public companies will act in the logic of a precautionary motive, saving a significant part of the funds for subsequent investment in priority projects under conditions of financial restrictions and sectoral sanctions. The growth of sales provides additional opportunities for the company to invest. The Wald, Breusch – Pagan and Hausman tests were carried out in order to identify an adequate forecasting model.В статье рассмотрены особенности политики менеджмента и денежно-кредитной политики государства, влияющие на рентабельность деятельности российских публичных компаний (доходность бизнеса). Ужесточение денежно-кредитной политики государства (в частности, рост ключевой ставки Банка России без привязки к рентабельности активов) может негативно отразиться на доходности хозяйственной деятельности. Показатель дивидендных выплат является сигналом  для акционеров и потенциальных инвесторов. Кроме того, дивидендные выплаты являются индикатором финансовой ограниченности компаний. Финансовые ограничения связаны с проблемой неблагоприятного отбора финансирования – выбора источника финансирования с учетом его цены. Эффективное управление оборотными активами позволит рационально использовать их в качестве дополнительного источника инвестиций. Показатель вклада менеджмента или внутреннего роста позволяет оценивать внешние факторы: рыночные колебания, макроэкономические особенности, а также действия финансовых спекулянтов. Этот показатель устанавливает реальный вклад руководства в стоимость компании. Систематическая убыточность хозяйственной деятельности предприятия является следствием недальновидной финансовой политики или ошибочных стратегических решений со стороны менеджмента. Менеджмент действует в соответствии с фидуциарными обязанностями добросовестности и разумности в интересах компании и ее акционеров, ожидающих увеличения стоимости бизнеса. Поэтому управленческое решение должно приниматься прежде всего с позиции максимизации рыночной капитализации. Тогда российские публичные компании в условиях финансовых ограничений и секторальных санкций будут действовать в логике предупредительного мотива (precautionary motive), сберегая значительную часть денежных средств для последующего инвестирования в приоритетные проекты. Рост продаж предоставляет дополнительные возможности компании в отношении инвестирования. С целью выявления адекватной модели прогнозирования были проведены тесты Вальда, Бройша – Пагана и Хаусмана.本文考虑了与俄罗斯上市公司盈利能力相关的管理政策和国家货币政策的特点｡国家货币政策的紧缩（特别是在不参考资产回报率的情况下提高俄罗斯银行的关键利率）可能会对经济活动的盈利能力产生不利影响｡股息支付指标是股东和潜在投资者的信号｡此外﹐股息支付是公司财务限制的一个指标｡财务限制与资金逆向选择问题相关——当融资来源的选择基础与其价格｡有效管理流动资产将允许其合理使用作为额外的投资来源｡管理或内部成长贡献指标允许您评估外部因素：市场波动﹑宏观经济特征以及金融投机者的行为｡该指标显示管理层对公司价值的真正贡献｡企业经济活动的系统性无利可图是短视的财务政策或管理层错误的战略决策的结果｡管理层按必须照诚信与合理原则行事﹐符合公司及其希望增加业务价值的股东的利益｡管理决策应主要从市值最大化的立场出发｡那么俄罗斯上市公司在金融限制和部门制裁的情况下将以预防动机（precautionary motive）的逻辑行事﹐节省可观的资金用于优先项目的后续投资｡销售增长将为公司容许额外的投资机会｡为了确定适当的预测模型﹐进行了沃德（Wald）﹑布伦斯和帕甘（Breusch–Pagan）及豪斯曼（Hausman）检验

Application of a superparametric finite shell element to the calculation of turbine blade vibrations

Determination of the natural frequencies and forms of vibrations of turbine blades with the present level of knowledge is one of the chief problems that have to be solved at the design stage of turbines in order to ensure vibration reliability. Greater possibilities of devising more correct mathematical models of blades and universal methods of investigating their vibrations are opened up in connection with the application of the finite element method.Для расчета колебаний лопаток турбомашин сложной геометрии используют суперпараметрические оболочечные конечные элементы

EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF ACTIVITY OF THE RUSSIAN PUBLIC COMPANIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF ACTIVE REGULATION OF OPERATING COSTS AND EXTERNAL EFFECTS (SHOCKS)

The author considers influences of active regulation of operating costs and negative effects (shocks) on financial policy of the Russian public companies. The Russian firms make the choice for benefit of internal financing for the purpose of increase in the corporate benefit in the conditions of external financial restrictions (sectoral sanctions). Growth of the corporate benefit leads to increment of company assets and respectively to welfare of the shareholder. The Russian public companies will review the capital structure in the conditions of growth of adjustment costs. The active policy of the Russian companies is connected with availability of sufficient size of assets which are source of mortgage providing for regulation of capital structure. Thereby, the organization solves problem of adverse selection – financing source selection taking into account its price. The companies are forced to regulate actively the capital structure in the conditions of growth of operating costs and negative shocks. Regulation of capital structure is connected with the aspiration of the company to keep part of debt for its use as financing source. Operating costs are the indicator estimating efficiency of management decisions. The Russian companies will finance the investments, first of all, by internal financing sources. Cash flows are the resource servicing the investment capital. The firms will be attracted the loan capital in the period of deficit of cash flow. The Russian companies will work in logic of precautionary motive, creating monetary stock in the conditions of shocks. The precautionary motive is the protective buffer from negative impacts from the capital markets. Low values of cash flows allow to limit the management concerning his illegal behavior – decision making in private interests

BUSINESS PROFITABILITY AND MONETARY POLICY OF THE STATE

The author examines the features of the management policy and the monetary policy of the state on the profitability of the activities of Russian public companies (business profitability). The tightening of the monetary policy of the state (in particular, the growth of the key rate of the Bank of Russia without reference to the return on assets) may negatively affect the profitability of economic activity. The indicator of dividend payments is a signal for shareholders and potential investors. In addition, dividend payments are an indicator of the financial limitations of companies. Financial constraints are associated with the problem of adverse selection of financing - the choice of a source of financing taking into account its price. Effective management of current assets will allow rational use of them as an additional source of investment. The indicator of the contribution of management or internal growth allows you to evaluate external factors: market fluctuations, macroeconomic features, as well as the actions of financial speculators. This indicator establishes the real contribution of management to the value of the company. Systematic unprofitability of the company’s economic activity is a consequence of short-sighted financial policy or erroneous strategic decisions on the part of management. Management acts in accordance with fiduciary duties of integrity and reasonableness in the interests of the company and its shareholders expecting an increase in the value of the business. Therefore, the management decision should be made from the position of maximising market capitalisation. Then Russian public companies will act in the logic of a precautionary motive, saving a significant part of the funds for subsequent investment in priority projects under conditions of financial restrictions and sectoral sanctions. The growth of sales provides additional opportunities for the company to invest. The Wald, Breusch – Pagan and Hausman tests were carried out in order to identify an adequate forecasting model

INFLUENCE OF MANAGEMENT ON DEBT CORPORATE POLICY

The author considers features of influence of finance solutions of management of the Russian public companies on debt policy. In a research are included indicators of internal growth and dividend payments by means of which it is possible to estimate corporate financial policy. Internal growth is the indicator of regulation of debt strategy, the including mechanism of precautionary motive. The dependence of the share price on the market value of assets defines installation of communication between the economic interests of shareholders and finance solutions of management. The indicator of dividend payments allows to estimate influence of external negative effects (shocks) on behavior of investors at profit assessment. Increase in dividend payments is connected with their financing from an external source. Management works in logic of precautionary motive, keeping a part of profit for further debt repayment before creditors. The management of the Russian companies not only influences the share price, but also regulates the level of a debt load. The company can use dividend payments on reinvestment of assets (as an investment resource). The author shows as the Russian public companies, solve a problem of adverse selection, switching to cheaper financing sources. The value of a debt is connected with the level of investment into the company. Pledge (property providing) is a guarantee for creditors. As, getting access to debt financing, the company provides to the creditor the complete information about property, thereby, reducing the risks connected with attraction of a debt. The Russian public companies react to changes of debt increase in value of size of assets that will be approved with recapitalization of the company (change of the capital structure due to debt increase and its use for dividend payouts to shareholders)

RAPPROCHEMENT OF LONG-TERM FINANCIAL INTERESTS OF THE SHAREHOLDER AND THE MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPANY

The author considers features of the economic nature of activity of the shareholder in corporate governance and in the control over management. The author offers the standard of the diligent shareholder and the standard of the diligent management as necessary condition for rapprochement of long-term financial interests. Reasonable and diligent realization of the corporate rights, display of interest to company activity will allow the shareholder to receive the information on the concluded transactions. The information on transactions will allow to protect the broken rights in the terms established by the law. The reasonable management within the limits of standard administrative practice should make the maximum efforts for achievement of firm wealth maximization and also consider factors which to a greater or lesser extent influence firm wealth maximization and can be considered as the independent purposes at a certain stage of activity of the company. The company it is necessary to implement the motivation program for rapprochement of long-term financial interests of the shareholder and the management. The motivation program means reception of property benefit from increase in a stock value (share) of the company which possibility of reception is the circumstance stimulating management to act in interests of the company. According to the best practice of corporate governance level of the compensation paid to management, should be sufficient for attraction, motivation and deduction of the persons possessing necessary for company professional skills and qualification, and the compensation system should provide rapprochement of financial interests of directors with long-term financial interests of shareholders. The clause is interdisciplinary, covering elements of corporate governance which are a part of the corporate finance as sciences, and also, the corporate right

INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION SIGNALS ON THE FUTURE EARNINGS

It is considered of information signals on the future earnings of the Russian companies. Information signals can influence behaviour of investors at an estimation of the future earnings. Indicators of internal growth and shock can influence on earnings in the future. The shock indicator allows to consider a situation when the company will pass from debt financing to internal sources of financing to lower the wastage rate of assets connected with influence of shocks. Internal financing is performed at the expense of the cheapest source - earnings. It allows to reduce level of debt risk by means of capital structure adjustment (repayment of a part of amount of debt). Indicators of shock and internal growth for investors are the information indicator of prospects of development of the company

FIDUCIARY GAME RULES AND THE GOVERNANCE NATURE IN THE COMPANY

The author considers features of relationships between the fiduciary (management, board of director) and shareholders (beneficiaries). The nature of fiduciary relations is connected with «a critical resource» (assets) of the beneficiary.  In the company economic interests of various participants (shareholders, management) face. Delegation discretion the shareholder to the management will allow to build together with the shareholder effective economic strategy of the company, under condition of execution of fiduciary duties. The management possesses administrative immunity within the limits of application of the business judgment rule. Actions of the management at transaction fulfilment should have real character, possess economic sense, a rationality and to promote achievement of economic benefit in the form of increase to shareholder value. The special attention is given to the fiduciary nature of interaction. Imposing of fiduciary duties on the management allows the beneficiary to protect the company from destruction of shareholder value. The shareholder should specify such game rules that the management was unable break them or, at least, cost of their infringement would be above reception of personal benefit. Fiduciary principles allow to soften the conflict between management and the shareholder. Besides, the fiduciary mechanism possesses a preventive element, keeping the company from destruction. The given obligation of loyalty protects resources of the shareholder from wrongful acts from the management. Fiduciary principles allow to balance economic interests between a management and shareholders

АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНЫЕ ИЗДЕРЖКИ – КЛЮЧ К ДЕНЕЖНОЙ ЗАГАДКЕ КОМПАНИИ

Features of influence of opportunity cost on the cash policy of the Russian companies are considered. The author analyzes relationship of cause and effect of escalating of cash. The author researched features of a choice the Russian companies of sources of financing. The author shows that availability of opportunity costs forces the companies to be reoriented on internal sources of financing. Opportunity costs are the indicator for a choice of optimum financing. The model (specification) presented in work is tested for determination of its adequacy, from the point of view of quality of forecasting. It is estimated three kinds of specifications: pooled regression, regression with a random effect and regression with the fixed effect. The purpose of work attempt to open cash puzzle of company disclosing of a puzzle. That is, to reduce opportunity costs for preserving of cash as the preventive motive, allowing to struggle with financial restrictions. Novelty of the presented work consists that the companies can rationally manage cash holdings, using negative shocks (signals) in the capital market, to expect them and without supposing the situations connected with financial restrictions.В представленной работе рассмотрено влияние альтернативных издержек на корпоративную денежную политику. Анализируется причинно-следственная связь наращивания денежных средств. Автор исследовал особенности выбора российскими компаниями источников финансирования. Наличие альтернативных издержек заставляет компании переориентироваться на внутренние источники финансирования. Альтернативные издержки являются индикатором для выбора оптимального финансирования. Модель (спецификация), представленная в работе, тестируется для определения ее адекватности с точки зрения качества прогнозирования. Для спецификации оценивается три вида регрессий: сквозная регрессия, регрессия со случайным эффектом и регрессия с фиксированным эффектом. Целью работы является попытка раскрыть денежную загадку компании, то есть сократить альтернативные издержки для сохранения денежных средств как превентивной меры, позволяющей бороться с финансовыми ограничениями. Новизна представленной работы состоит в том, что компании могут рационально управлять денежными авуарами, используя негативные шоки (сигналы) на рынке капитала, предвидеть их и не допускать ситуаций, связанных с финансовыми ограничениями