Dendrológiai kertek a 19. századi magyarországi kertépítészetben = Dendrological gardens in 19th century garden architecture in Hungary

Disszertációm elsődleges célja, hogy összegyűjtsem azokat a még létező és már nem létező magyar tájképi kerteket, amelyek növényalkalmazásában és kerti térkompozíciójának kialakításában a különböző egzóta fafajok jelentős szerepet játszottak. Számos olyan 19. században létesült, vagy abban az időben átalakított kertről tudunk ugyanis, amelyeknek növényanyagában, kompozíciós megoldásaiban a meglévő idős és egzóta növényállomány meghatározó szerepe ma is tükröződik. A fenti gyűjteményes tájképi kerteket hazánkban dendrológiai kerteknek is nevezzük. A fogalom szabatos definiálására és a dendrológiai kertek átfogó kutatására azonban eddig még nem volt példa. Kutatásommal ezt a hiányt próbálom pótolni. (...

Garden Heritage – new perspectives in Hungarian Tourism Strategy

Garden visitation has been a tourism motivator for many years on international context, and can now be enjoyed in many different forms. According to international researches, garden tourism is the second largest tourism sector after food tourism, with a third of tourists globally including at least one garden visit in their travel itinerary. Garden tourism encompasses botanical gardens, arboreta, zoological gardens, city parks, flower shows, garden centres and increasingly tours of historic gardens and estates. Garden tourists to these types of attractions and events significantly give local economies a boost in many ways. Beside their economic and health benefits, garden tourism contribute to the environmental and cultural education of visitors, enhancing the importance of gardens in everyday life. In this context the historic gardens, and especially the castle garden ensembles, plays a leading role. The study shows the possible contribution of the Hungarian castle garden ensembles to the national tourism development strategies. The high number of castle gardens with heritage values, their compositional diversity and geographical location makes the castle gardens to be the main target garden group used by the garden tourism. The study give an overview of a comprehensive garden inventory methodology - with historic survey, investigation of current conditions, analyzis of garden values and attractions and formulation of strategic recommendations. The conclusions drawn from the historical review and survey provide a good basis for the protection and to dissemination of this complex heritage and to use it as a cultural basis and background for future touristic developments, with an emphasis on their current and future educational role

Plant Use in the Late Renaissance Gardens of the 17–18th Century Transylvania

The aim of this article is to find, scientifically define, and locate the most frequent occurrences of the gardens of Transylvania in the Late Renaissance period (17–18th centuries), and to collect and prepare a comprehensive plant list of these gardens. During our investigation, based on archival and literary sources, as well as field studies carried out, we identified 81 Late Renaissance residency gardens located in Transylvania. We defined the most typical garden types for the region and we delineated the most characteristic ornamental, fruit, and vegetable plants, including fodder plants, used at that time in residential gardens. Meanwhile, the article intends to give a general overview of the first decisive time period in the Carpathian Basin, represented by the Late Renaissance garden art, from a garden and landscape architectural point of view

Baroque Gardens in Transylvania: A Historic Overview

For over more than 20 years, Transylvanian ensembles, gardens and parks have been investigated, described and analysed by a research group from Hungary, led by Albert Fekete. The goal of this study of Transylvanian ensembles is to get background information, insight for developing a strategy for landscape preservation and development in the long run that comprises the cultural and historical values and the demands from society on what to do with them in the contemporary context. The goal of the article is to give an overview of what is already known and what could be done from the viewpoint of protection, planning and design. The research methods are mixed, but are largely based on the case study approach, supplemented by experimental design, fieldwork and research by design. The conclusion is that, given the state of what is left over from these historical artefacts, restoration in the strict sense will be impossible. This will be a major challenge for landscape architecture to take into account the historical values, integrate them with new functions and use and the recent demands of improving water management, energy transition and the creation of comfort and healthy living environments for people

Future Role of Exotic Tree Species in Hungarian Built Heritage Environments

Although some exotic tree species, new to the country at the time, had already been introduced at the turn of the 18th and 19th century in the Hungarian landscape gardens, using foreign tree species in the space composition became widely popular only from the second half of the 19th century. This research focused on determining the date of appearance and compositional role of exotic trees in Hungarian landscape gardens. We can still find aged exotic woody taxa which determine the historical spatial structure in numerous landscape gardens nowadays. The nationwide distribution of these species, and their location within the gardens, can be an important addition to the questions of the revitalization of historical gardens, the more so because they may be indicative of the climate adaptability and, therefore, resilience of built heritage environments. An experimental approach to the introduction and use of new exotic tree species in historic gardens where this approach can be proven to have existed is also discussed as an opportunity to use these gardens in search of new foreign taxa to adapt to climate change

Landscape ecological and visual significance of dendrological gardens in the Carpathian Basin

This article presents and summarizes our observations based on historical research and site visits of 130 dendrological gardens in Hungary and 36 sites in Transylvania. The results favourably demonstrate the outstanding ecological and landscape values of these dendrological gardens in the Carpathian Basin. The research identifies the most typical exotic woody species that can be still found in those dendrological gardens that were developed in the Carpathian Basin during the era of creating landscape gardens, which is the 19th century in our region. We have defined about twenty exotic tree species, located in the researched dendrological gardens, of which presence highly affects the architectural and botanical composition, just as the landscape appearance or atmosphere of these gardens. Beyond all these effects, the article also highlights two other important points of the dendrological gardens: firstly, these gardens were breeding and acclimatization centres for spreading the new woody species, while, on the other hand, representatives of the spontaneous flora remained as veteran trees in these protected gardens, representing - mainly due to their age - outstanding ecological, dendrological and cultural values

Potencjał schodów do wpływu na przestrzenną i wizualną interakcję elementów krajobrazu w historycznym środowisku miejskim.

Stairways are one of the built elements of landscape architecture that shape the character of a space. Our research takes a closer look at the stairways of historical value in the environment of Buda Castle World Heritage Site. Firstly, through the production of sketches, the dominant spatial effects, views, focal points and motifs perceived during the use of the chosen stairways, were analysed. Secondly, an assessment matrix was formulated from criteria such as scale, materials, size, quality of adjacent green spaces, etc. Our aim is to underline and give evidence of the potential of stairways in influencing the open spaces and the views in historical urban environments.Schody terenowe są obiektami architektury krajobrazu kształtującymi charakter przestrzeni. Omówione tu badania prezentują w bliższym ujęciu historyczne schody w otoczeniu wpisanego na Listę Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO Zamku w Budzie. Jako pierwsze przeanalizowano dominujące efekty przestrzenne, widoki, punkty formalnie ważne i motywy dostrzegane podczas korzystania ze schodów. Jako drugą - na podstawie kryteriów, takich jak skala, materiały, wielkość, jakość przyległych terenów zieleni itp. - sformułowano macierz oceny. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie dowodów na potencjał schodów terenowych do wpływania na otwarte przestrzenie i widoki w historycznych środowiskach miejskich

Educational role of public parks. Windows to past, to future and to exotic worlds = Közparkok oktatási szerepe. Ablakok múltra, jelenre, távoli világokra

The design of public parks in Europe evolved at the end of 18th century. The first public parks were created primarily for leisure, entertainment and social representation. Reflecting architectural and artistic trends of specific time periods and eras, and design concepts of various ideologies, through their images, compositional aspects and symbols public parks also fulfill an important educational role in everyday life. Following the progress of the theoretical background of European public parks, the article introduces the research analysis of the educational role of the parks. The conclusions drawn from the historical review and from the analysis of public parks and gardens provide a good basis for the renovation methodology of historic parks and for the design of contemporary urban parks and open spaces, with an emphasis on their current and future educational role. Placing the survey and assessment of the public parks into an international context makes it possible to overview the most important educational benefits of public parks to the society

Participatory Landscape Design and Water Management—A Sustainable Strategy for Renovation of Vernacular Baths and Landscape Protection in Szeklerland, Romania

Szeklerland is a historical-ethnic region located on the eastern border of the Carpathian Basin, in the central region of Romania. In Szeklerland, thanks to its varied topography and a network of small settlements, landscape management is still carried out using traditional methods. Szeklerland is a macro-region rich in natural resources. Among its natural treasures, the mineral water springs with healing properties are of particular importance: around 40 percent of Romania’s mineral water resources are found here. This richness in hydrogeological features is due to the fact that the post-volcanic activities in the young tertiary mountain ranges in the region still produce large quantities of carbon dioxide, which dissolves beneficial minerals from the earth. When dissolved in water, these minerals produce mineral waters that can be used to cure various types of diseases. For centuries, the medicinal properties of the mineral waters of Szeklerland have been regularly used by the local population. In addition to their consumption, small and larger vernacular baths were built in the settlements with medicinal springs, and their regular use led to the development of a traditional, local cold-water bathing culture in the region. However, the vernacular baths were destroyed in the world wars, and their traditional use was abolished by the apparatus of the 20th century communist regime, which had no respect to natural and cultural heritage. After the political change in 1989, the attention of the society turned back to tradition and values. Alongside (or as part of) nature and landscape conservation initiatives, the reinterpretation and restoration of the intangible and practical values of vernacular baths in Szeklerland also began. Over the past decades, the renovation of vernacular baths, which started as a professional–civic initiative, has grown into an independent heritage conservation programme: dozens of vernacular baths have been renovated in Szeklerland over the past twenty years with public participation initiated and led by professionals. In the course of the renovations, baths used by local communities have been rebuilt using nature- and environment-friendly techniques, materials and in a way that they are also related to the physical environment and the mythology of the region. The project has won prestigious awards both in Romania and internationally, and has become a successful and exemplary movement in landscape heritage conservation