Cultural-historic resources as a factor of entrance tourism development in Finland

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. The article is devoted to the complex evaluation of the venue of cultural-historic heritage of Finland, in order to prove its tourist attraction and inclusion into the touristic routes around the country. The cultural-historic venue are classified thematically, their territorial location and ranging in Finland are shown

The influence of western countries’ sanctions on the development of the Russian exit tourism

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. The article is devoted to the influence of Western countries’ sanctions on the current state of the Russian tourist market. The tourist services market of the period before sanctions is compared with its modern condition. The reasons of the exit tourism crisis and their connection with sanctions against Russia are analyzed

Атомная силовая микроскопия структуры мембран эритроцитов при острой кровопотере и реинфузии

Objective: to examine the surface heterogeneities of red blood cell membranes after acute massive blood loss and blood reinfusion, by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Materials and methods. Experiments were carried out under nembu-tal anesthesia on male rats. Hypovolemic hypotension was induced during 60 minutes, followed by blood reinfusion. The experimental phases were as follows: control before blood loss; 5 minutes after its onset; 1 hour following hypotension; and 1 and 3 hours after reinfusion. Membrane surface images were obtained by AFM in the constant scanning mode. Spatial surface spectral transformation was used. Results. The nano-surface parameters were shown to be intrinsic characteristics of membranes. The greatest changes occurred at the early stages of transient processes: blood loss and reinfusion. Conclusion. The application of AFM permitted the authors to trace the time course of changes in the red blood cell membrane surfaces during acute total blood loss and further blood reinfusion to tolerances of fractions of nanometer. Key words: blood loss, reinfusion, nanostructure, atomic force microscopy.Цель исследования — изучение поверхностных неоднородностей мембран эритроцитов после острой массивной кро-вопотери и реинфузии крови, с помощью методов атомной силовой микроскопии (АСМ). Материал и методы. Эксперименты проводили на крысах-самцах под нембуталовым наркозом. Использовали гиповолемическую гипотензию в течение 60 минут с последующей реинфузией крови. Фазы экспериментов: контроль до кровопотери, через 5 минут от начала кровопотери, через 1 час после гипотензии, через 1 и 3 часа после реинфузии. Изображения поверхности мембран получали с помощью АСМ в режиме постоянного сканирования. Использовали пространственное спектральное преобразование поверхности. Результаты. Показано, что параметры наноповерхности являются собственными характеристиками мембран. Наибольшие изменения происходят в начальных стадиях переходных процессов: кровопотери и реифузии. Заключение. Использование АСМ позволило наблюдать динамику изменений поверхностей мембран эритроцитов при острой тотальной кровопотере и дальнейшей реинфузии крови с разрешением до долей нанометров. Ключевые слова: кровопотеря, реинфузия, наноструктура, атомная силовая микроскопия

Cultural-historic resources as a factor of entrance tourism development in Finland

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. The article is devoted to the complex evaluation of the venue of cultural-historic heritage of Finland, in order to prove its tourist attraction and inclusion into the touristic routes around the country. The cultural-historic venue are classified thematically, their territorial location and ranging in Finland are shown

Cultural-historic resources as a factor of entrance tourism development in Finland

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. The article is devoted to the complex evaluation of the venue of cultural-historic heritage of Finland, in order to prove its tourist attraction and inclusion into the touristic routes around the country. The cultural-historic venue are classified thematically, their territorial location and ranging in Finland are shown

Cultural-historic resources as a factor of entrance tourism development in Finland

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. The article is devoted to the complex evaluation of the venue of cultural-historic heritage of Finland, in order to prove its tourist attraction and inclusion into the touristic routes around the country. The cultural-historic venue are classified thematically, their territorial location and ranging in Finland are shown

The influence of western countries’ sanctions on the development of the Russian exit tourism

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. The article is devoted to the influence of Western countries’ sanctions on the current state of the Russian tourist market. The tourist services market of the period before sanctions is compared with its modern condition. The reasons of the exit tourism crisis and their connection with sanctions against Russia are analyzed

The influence of western countries’ sanctions on the development of the Russian exit tourism

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. The article is devoted to the influence of Western countries’ sanctions on the current state of the Russian tourist market. The tourist services market of the period before sanctions is compared with its modern condition. The reasons of the exit tourism crisis and their connection with sanctions against Russia are analyzed

The influence of western countries’ sanctions on the development of the Russian exit tourism

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. The article is devoted to the influence of Western countries’ sanctions on the current state of the Russian tourist market. The tourist services market of the period before sanctions is compared with its modern condition. The reasons of the exit tourism crisis and their connection with sanctions against Russia are analyzed

INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN TOURISM

Objective: to estimate the influence of economic sanctions on the current state of the Russian tourist market. Methods: analysis and synthesis, historical-logical and economic-statistical methods. Results: the pre-sanction condition of the tourist market is compared with its current condition. The problem aspects of the Russian tourist sector are shown. The complex estimation is given to the tense situation in the Russian tourist market. The reasons for exit tourism crisis are revealed, as well as their connection with the western sanctions against Russia. Practical value: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used for tourism arrangement and predicting the entrance and exit tourist flo