Micropropagation as Means of Rapid Multiplication of Newly Developed Blackberry and Black Currant Cultivars

Newly developed blackberry cultivar Čačanska bestrna was successfully micropropagated. For black currant, cv Čačanska crna further research should be done to optimize conditions for successful multiplication. Buds from the branches cut during dormancy (end of January) were used as the initial explants and set to develop under laboratory conditions at room temperature. Aseptic culture was established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with BA 2.0, IBA 0.5 and GA3 0.1 mg 1-1. MS media with BA and IBA or NAA and GA3 were used for multiplication phase, whereas medium MS with mineral salts reduced to 1/2, organic complex unchanged according to MS, with 1.0 mg 1-1 IBA, 0.1 mg 1-1 GA3 and 1g 1-1 of active charcoal was used in the rooting phase. Well developed root system and high quality of rooted plants induced a high percentage of acclimatization (100%) of cv Čačanska bestrna under the ‘myst’ system in greenhouse whereas the percentage of acclimatization of cv Čačanska crna was low, 40%

Novi pravci istraživanja u fiziologiji i ekologiji voćaka

New discoveries in all fields of physiology and ecology of fruits reveal high complexity but also inevitable interrelation with other scientific branches and, particularly current, new biotechnologies. Acquisition of new knowledge within the comprehensive and very complex field of fruit physiology shall be presented through the following chapters: new biotechnologies in fruit growing; mineral fertilization - with emphasis on the foliar fertilization; stress physiology; new aspects of fruit pollination and fertilization; heat regime as a factor of phenological dynamics, cropping and fruit zoning.Nova otkrića u svim oblastima fiziologije i ekologije voćaka pokazuju svu kompleksnost, ali i nezaobilaznu interakciju sa dragim naučnim granama i posebno aktuelnim, novim bio-tehnologijama. Ta nova saznanja u obimnoj i veoma složenoj oblasti kakva je fiziologija voćaka biće prezentovana kroz sledeća poglavlja: nove bio-tehnologije u voćarstvu; mineralna ishrana - sa osvrtom na folijama ishranu; fiziologija stresa; novi aspekti oplođenja voćaka i; toplotni režim kao činilac fenološke dinamike, rodnosti i prostornog zoniranja voćaka

EFFECT OF JASMONIC ACID ON IN VITRO MULTIPLICATION OF LOW VIGOROUS PEAR AND CHERRY ROOTSTOCKS

The capacity of Jasmonic acid (JA) to improve in vitro multiplication phase in micropropagated shoots of low vigorous pear and cherry rootstocks – Pyrodwarf and Gisela 6 respectively, was studied. The experiment was performed during the multiplication phase and it included 23 media types containing Murashige and Skoog (1962) macro, micro salts and organic complex supplemented with JA at four concentrations (1, 2.3, 5 and 10 µM) alone and in combination with benzyl adenine – BA (4.4 µM), indole-3-butyric acid – IBA (1, 2.30, 2.46, 5 and 10 µM), α-napthyl acetic acid –NAA (1, 2.30, 2.68, 5, 10 µM), and indole-3-acetic acid – IAA (1, 2.30, 2.85, 5, 10 µM). The multiplication parameters, such as multiplication index, length of axial and lateral shoots, FW and DW of shoots as well as quality of multiplied shoots were monitored. The highest multiplication rate in both genotypes was obtained on medium with BA (4.4 µM) in combination with IBA (1 and 2.3 µM). The longest axial and lateral shoots were also obtained on media with BA in combination with JA or other three auxins used. The main characteristics of the JA effect (used alone) were big shoots, large green leaves, small quantity of firm, nodular callus as well as occurrence of rooting. The obtained results suggest that JA used alone should not be used to improve the multiplication process, but only in combination with BA and IBA or NAA for the high quality plantlets which is important for the rooting phase, to skip elongation phase

<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-GB">In vitro</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-GB"> conservation of cherry rootstock Gisela 5</span>

191-197The paper presents results of the application of ‘Cold Storage’ (CS), a very simple<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> in vitro technique preservation of cultures at +5°C in total darkness. A protocol has been developed for in vitro preservation of cherry rootstock Gisela 5 based on this method. Upon the establishment of aseptic culture, the studied genotype was propagated in vitro on MS medium supplemented with BA at a concentration of 3.37 mg/L. During CS, in vitro shoots were maintained at +5°C in cold chamber for 3, 6 and 9 months in total darkness. Seven days after their respective period of time, the shoots were examined for viability for further propagation, together with their multiplication index and length of axial and lateral shoots. Three months after CS, shoots showed high shoot viability (55%), which however declined considerably after 6 and 9 months (15% and 0%, resp.). After 9 months of preservation under cold conditions, shoots showed severe signs of necrosis (55%). The transfer of cultures from the cold chamber to standard growth conditions led to prompt development and greening of leaves which regained morphology and capacity for multiplication and rooting. </span

Primena savremenih teorijskih saznanja u oblasti fiziologije i ekologije voćaka i vinove loze

The latest innovations in the field of physiology and ecology of fruits and grapevines are currently being intensively applied in practice. It is of utmost importance to harmonize environmental factors and biological requirements of cultivated fruit and grapevine species/cultivars, which targets at high productivity and superior quality of fruits. Practical application of newly acquired knowledge in the field of biology, which is a general definition covered by 'biotechnologies', will be presented in the paper which includes the latest in vitro preservation techniques that appear to be indispensable modes in modern global repositories of plant gene pools. Actual global warming affects both life on our planet and climate change. Water contained in soil, atmosphere, plant tissues and organs is the crucial factor of survival of all living systems, fruits and grapevines accordingly. Any deviation from optimal water content leads to the disorder in the performance of physiological processes in a plant organism over long periods of drought, nonetheless the incidence of plant wilting or die back of trees in full cropping are the accompanying effects of water shortages. Physiological indicators of drought-induced stress and consequences of water deficiencies on grapevine, will be presented in this paper along with modern image technologies, i.e. fluorescence, multispectral reflection and thermography based on the human knowledge of physiological processes in plants. These simple and nondestructive methods are widely used in optimizing irrigation, measuring the resistance of plants to abiotic and biotic stress factors and in the analyzes of yield quantity and quality.Nova saznanja u oblasti fiziologije i ekologije voćaka i vinove loze nalaze sve širu primenu u praksi. Posebno je značajno i neophodno ekološke faktore uskladiti sa biološkim potrebama gajenih vrsta/sorti voćaka i vinove loze, što za krajnji cilj mora imati visoku rodnost i odličan kvalitet plodova. Aplikacija znanja iz biologije u praksi, koja je jedna od opštih definicija za široku oblast koju pokrivaju 'biotehnologije', biće prezentovana u radu sa najnovijim tehnikama prezervacije voćaka in vitro, a koje su nezaobilazni deo u savremenim repozitorijumima svetskih banki biljnih gena. Globalni porast temperature, koji je evidentan, utiče na uslove života na našoj planeti i na promenu klime, pa presudan značaj za opstanak svih životnih sistema, a samim tim i voćaka i vinove loze, ima voda u zemljištu atmosferi, biljnim tkivima i organima. Svako odstupanje od optimalnog sadržaja ima za posledicu narušavanje fizioloških procesa u biljnom organizmu, a u uslovima dugotrajne suše, često dolazi i do uvenuća, odnosno sušenja stabala u rodu. Fiziološki pokazatelji stresa suše, kao i reakcija vinove loze na deficit vlage biće prikazani u radu, kao i savremene image tehnologije (fluorescencije, multispektralne refleksije i termografije) koje su bazirane na poznavanju fizioloških procesa kod biljaka. Ove nedestruktivne i jednostavne metode se danas sve više primenjuju za potrebe optimizacije navodnjavanja, merenja stepena otpornosti biljaka na abiotičke i biotičke stresne faktore i u analizama kvantiteta i kvaliteta prinosa

Proizvodnja sadnog materijala voćaka

The paper presents the problems in the production of fruit planting material as well as the proposal of measures for die development of mis production. In Serbia and Montenegro there is no development but regression in the technology of planting material production. Mostly standard planting materials and some tested ones are produced. Faster development of fruit production in Yugoslavia and providing conditions for the export of planting material requires significantly different planting material production than the existing one, and it should be done as quickly as possible. Production technologies similar to those applied in the production of planting material in the most advanced fruit-producing countries should be introduced. This would enable our country to join the world market, and to have modem nurseries with planting material that would meet the world standards.Sadašnja proizvodnja sadnog materijala u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori nije u skladu sa proizvodnjom kakva se organizuje u razvijenijim voćarskim zemljama. Zato se postavlja urgentan zadatak da se promeni Zakon o proizvodnji sadnog materijala i usaglasi sa zakonom EU, kako bi se naša zemlja brže uključila na evropsko tržište, i omogućilo joj se podizanje zasada sa sadnim materijalom koji odgovara svetskim standardima