Influence of Arsenic Pressure on the Doping of Gallium Arsenide with Germanium

THE doping of III-V compounds with elements from the IVth column of the periodic table has been studied under standard conditions of preparation by several investigators. In most cases, the IV element was found to act as an n-type dopant of low doping efficiency, a result that is usually interpreted to mean that more of the impurity atoms are located on the III element sublattice than on the V element sublattice. Causes for the unequal distribution of impurity atoms between the two sublattices have been sought in the sizes of the atoms and in their binding energies. An additional influence on the impurity atom distribution, namely, the vapor pressure of the V element, is considered in this note. A simple estimate will be given of the magnitude expected for the pressure effect, followed by some qualitative results for Ge-doped GaAs

Exact solutions of the (2+1) Dimensional Dirac equation in a constant magnetic field in the presence of a minimal length

We study the (2+1) dimensional Dirac equation in an homogeneous magnetic field (relativistic Landau problem) within a minimal length, or generalized uncertainty principle -GUP-, scenario. We derive exact solutions for a given explicit representation of the GUP and provide expressions of the wave functions in the momentum representation. We find that in the minimal length case the degeneracy of the states is modified and that there are states that do not exist in the ordinary quantum mechanics limit (\beta -->0). We also discuss the mass-less case which may find application in describing the behavior of charged fermions in new materials like Graphene.Comment: 9 pages, to appear in Physical Review

Particle parameter analyzing system

An X-Y plotter circuit apparatus is described which displays an input pulse representing particle parameter information, that would ordinarily appear on the screen of an oscilloscope as a rectangular pulse, as a single dot positioned on the screen where the upper right hand corner of the input pulse would have appeared. If another event occurs, and it is desired to display this event, the apparatus is provided to replace the dot with a short horizontal line

Unique intermetallic compounds prepared by shock wave synthesis

Technique compresses fine ground metallic powder mixture beyond crystal fusion point. Absence of vapor pressure voids and elimination of incongruous effects permit application of technique to large scale fabrication of intermetallic compounds with specific characteristics, e.g., semiconduction, superconduction, or magnetic properties

A solid-state low-noise preamplifier

Solid state low noise preamplifier for particle detector of electrostatic accelerator syste

The Effect of a Reduced-Calorie Diet on alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Responsiveness in Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Obese Men During Exercise

There is at present an imperfect understanding of the effect of diet on availability of inhibitory receptors in fat cells during exercise among obese men. 

*Objective:* The purpose of this study was to determine whether diet results in downregulation of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor ([alpha]~2-AR~) messenger RNA (mRNA), improving metabolism in exercise in obese men. 

*Design:* One group, pre-test, post-test design.

*Measurements:* Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue was tested for physiologic response, such as changes in catecholamines and other markers of lipolysis measured during periods of exercise, before and after a 12-week diet. Plasma markers of lipolysis/antilipolytic activity (catecholamines [adrenaline and noradrenaline], NEFA, lactate, glucose, hematocrit, or insulin levels) were analyzed at four points in time in order to determine the effect of exercise on [alpha]~2-AR~ and [beta]-AR responsiveness to sympathetic stimulation.

*Subjects:* Otherwise healthy 18 to 45 year old obese men (defined as a body mass index (BMI) over 33 kg/m^2^).

*Results:* The 12-week reduced calorie diet did not result in improved metabolism. Instead, upregulation of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor ([alpha]~2-AR~) messenger RNA (mRNA) was observed. On average, [alpha]~2-AR~ mRNA levels (ratio of [alpha]~2-AR~ to cyclophilin) in subjects increased by 0.022-0.023 after the diet. The average differences in of [alpha]~2-AR~ mRNA and [beta]-AR mRNA measured before and after diet were both insignificant (M = 0.015) t(4) = -0.911; _P_ > 0.05; (M = 0.0139; t(4) = 0.077; _P_ > 0.05). 

*Conclusion:* The observed direction of change in [alpha]~2-AR~ mRNA levels, when viewed together with the stability of [beta]-AR mRNA levels, suggests that upregulation of [alpha]~2-AR~ rather than downregulation occurred. Downregulation would account for decreased lipolytic activity during exercise, future study is needed