Seroprevalence of Lyme disease and genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in patients diagnosed with borreliosis in the Province of Warmia-Masuria in north-eastern Poland

Between 2009-2010, a group of 259 patients suspected of contracting Lyme disease were examined in the Provincial Sanitary-Epidemiological Station in Olsztyn for the presence of IgM and IgG against specific Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) genospecies antigens by immunoblot. A total of 27.4% and 29.0% of the blood serum samples showed positive and uncertain results for IgM and IgG antibodies. The majority of positive and uncertain results were found in patients aged 30- 40 years (30%) for IgM, and people aged 50 and over (35.8%) for IgG. Significantly more positive results for IgG were found in males (40.2%) then females (19.7%). In both groups, similar proportions of positive results for IgM anti-Borrelia were recorded (26.1% of females and 29% of males. In 71.5% of patients, IgM against flagellin protein (p41) of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) was found. For IgG, the most frequently detected antibodies were found against the p41 protein of B. burgdorferi s.s. (64.8%) and the recombinant variable surface antigens (VlsE) (49%). Among all the analysed antigens those of B. burgdorferi s.s. were the most frequent cause of immunological reaction, followed by antigens of B. afzelii and B. garinii. Reaction to antigens of B. spielmanii was rarely detected

Sexual and Gender Diversity Within the Black Men Who Have Sex with Men HIV Epidemiological Category

Epidemiological categories not only reflect existing frameworks for public health, but reify how subpopulations are defined, understood, and targeted for interventions. The sweeping categorization of Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) used in HIV research and intervention work is one such example. The current paper builds upon previous critiques of the “MSM” nomenclature by delineating the sexual and gender diversity embedded in the term as it pertains specifically to Black peoples. The emphasis is on developing greater specificity about the sociocultural and structural factors that may be shared among these subgroups, such as racism and poverty, and the factors that are likely to distinguish the groups, such as levels of sexual minority identification, access to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) services and community, and experiences with anti-bisexual or anti-transgender bias. The aim then is to provide a framework for HIV health policy work for Black sexual minority cisgender men (SMCM) and gender minorities (GM)