Effects of some phosphorus sources and liming on peanut production

Foram estudados os efeitos de superfosfato simples, hiperfosfato, yookarin, termofosfato (yoorin) e fostato parcialmente acidulado (FPA), na presença e ausência de calcário, sobre as produções de vagens e sementes, os componentes da produção e a qualidade das sementes de amendoim, cv. Tatu. As doses N - P2O5 - K2O aplicadas foram de 20, 100 e 30 kg/ha, e com a calagem procurou-se elevar a base de saturação (V) para 70%. Foram realizados quatro experimentos, em dois anos agrícolas (87/88, 88/89), em cultivo das águas e da seca, em municípios do Estado de São Paulo. Em 87/88, o termofosfato ocasionou as maiores produções de vagens e sementes, enquanto em 88/89 não se constataram efeitos dos adubos. Em 87/88, a calagem foi benéfica para a produção de vagens para todos os fosfatados, e especificamente para o superfosfato simples e o yookarin na produção de sementes, enquanto em 88/89, o efeito favorável da calagem só foi como residual no cultivo da seca. A calagem apresentou efeitos benéficos sobre maior numero dos componentes de produção do que os adubos fosfatados. A calagem proporcionou também uma melhoria na germinação e ou vigor das sementes produzidas, como efeito imediato.The effects of simple superphosphate, hyperphosfate, yookarin, termophosphate (yoorin) and partly acidulated phosphate, with and without limestone, on pod and seed yield, yield and seed quality of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. Tatu were studied. The limestone was applied to increase the base saturation (V) until 70%; the doses of N - P2O5 - K2O used were 20, 100 and 30 kg/ha. Four experiments were carried out under field conditions, during two years, in the wet and in the dry season crop, in three localities of São Paulo, Brazil. hi 1987/88, the thermophosphate produced the highest pod and seed yield, while in 1988/89, the yields were not affected by fertilizers. In 1987/88, the limestone presence resulted in the highest pod yield for all phosphatic fertilizers, while for seed yield liming was benefic only to simple superphosphate and yookarin. In 1988/89, the liming effect was residual. The liming presented more effects on the yield components than the ferfilizers. The limestone presence yielded seeds with higher germination and vigor than in absence, as immediate effect

Effects of sowing densities on peanut production

Para estudar, na cultura do amendoim, o efeito da densidade de semeadura sobre a produção de vagens e seus componentes, foram realizados três experimentos, em condições de campo, em um Latossolo Roxo, no município de Pontal, SP, com a cultivar Tatu, nos anos agrícolas de 1987/88, 1988/89 e 1989/90, em cultivo das águas. As densidades estudadas foram 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 e 28 sementes por metro linear, em espaçamento comum de 0,60 m entrelinhas. O número de vagens por planta, nos três experimentos, foi o componente de produção responsável pela variação da produção de vagens por planta, tendo diminuído com o aumento da densidade de semeadura. A menor produção/planta nas densidades maiores de semeadura foi, todavia, compensada pela maior população de plantas, originando, nestas, maiores produções de vagens (kg/ha). Assim, produções de vagens (kg/ha), sem perdas significativas em relação às densidades maiores, foram obtidas nas densidades de 13 sementes/m em 87/88, de 16 sementes/m em 88/89, e de 10 sementes/m em 89/90, que originaram, respectivamente, 11,36, 12,72 e 9,28 plantas/m à colheita.In this work, the effects of sowing densities on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crop, cv. Tatu were studied. Three experiments were carried out under field conditions on a soil classified as "Latosol Roxo", in the Municipality of Pontal, SP, during the wet seasons of 1987-88, 1988-89, and 1989-90. The densities studied were 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28 seeds in one meter of row, under some row spacing of 0.60 m. The pod number per plant was the yield component responsible for the variation of pod production per plant and these decreased with the increase of sowing density. However, the low pod production per plant in high densities of sowing was compensated by the high populations of plants and these produced high yield. Thus, good pod yields were obtained, without significant losses of yield compared with the higher densities, at density of 13 seeds per meter, in 1987-88, 16 seeds per meter in 1988-89 and 10 seeds per meter in 1989-90, that resulted, respectively, in 1 1.36, 12.72 and 9.28 plants per meter at harvest time

Densidade de plantas e produção de amendoim Plant density and peanut yield

Para estudar o efeito da densidade de plantas sobre a produção de vagens e seus componentes na cultura do amendoim cv. Tatu, em solos com diferentes fertilidades, foram realizados três experimentos, em condições de campo, no município de Pontal, SP, em um Latossolo Roxo, em anos agrícolas distintos, no cultivo das águas. As densidades estudadas foram 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 e 26 plantas por metro, em espaçamento de 0,60 m entre linhas. O componente de produção responsável pela variação da produção de vagens por planta foi o número de vagens, tendo diminuído com o aumento da densidade de plantas. Nas maiores densidades de plantas, as produções por planta foram menores, todavia devido à maior população de plantas, foram obtidas nestas as maiores produtividades de vagens. Produtividades de vagens, sem perdas significativas em relação às maiores densidades, foram obtidas nas densidades de 14 plantas por metro em solo de alta fertilidade e de 11 plantas por metro em solos de média/baixa fertilidades, que originaram, respectivamente, 12,92, 10,67 e 10,93 plantas por metro à colheita.<br>The effect of plant density on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield, cv. ‘Tatu’, was studied in soils of various fertility levels. Three experiments were carried out under field conditions, on a soil classified as Oxisol, at Pontal, SP, Brazil, during the wet seasons of 1987-88, 1988-89 and 1989-90. The densities studied were 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 and 26 plants per meter of row, with a row spacing of 0.60 m. The yield component responsible for the variation of pod production per plant was number of pods per plant, which decreased with increasing plant density. However, the low pod production per plant under high plant densities was compensated by the high population of plants, with high yield. Thus, good pod yield, without significant losses in relation to the highest densities, were obtained at the density of 14 plants per meter for the high fertility soil, and 11 plants per meter for the middle and low fertility soils, resulting, respectively, in 12.92, 10.67 and 10.93 plants per meter at harvest time

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora