Evaluación de tamaño de cladodios y bio-estimulantes de enraizamiento para la propagación de pitahaya

Introduction. Dragon fruit, which belongs to the cactacea family, is an exotic fruit with multiple gastronomic and nutraceutical uses, and has been consumed since pre-Columbian times. In Costa Rica its consumption is not traditional and commercial cultivation is not well known by farmers, thus it is necessary to stimulate interest as an alternative and economically profitable crop, mainly for the Chorotega and Central Pacific region. Objective. To evaluate the effect of different cladode sizes and natural solutions (biostimulants) on growth, root development and shoots. Material and methods. The experiment was conducted at the Santa Cruz Experimental Farm of the University of Costa Rica, during 2016 and 2017. Two experiments were developed; in the first, 40 cm cladodes were used under three natural solutions (green coconut water, mature coconut water, and lentil extract) at concentrations of 150, 300 and 600 ml.L-1. In the second, cladode size between 20 and 110 cm was evaluated. All cladodes were sown for 60 days in nursery bags (2 L) and then length and width of the shoots, length and number of roots, dry and fresh weight of roots, and the allometric measurement “LxA” were measured. Results. The solution with mature coconut water at 300 and 600 ml.L-1 showed 8 cm longer shoots than the control, while green coconut water at 300 ml.L-1 showed the highest dry and fresh root weight. Likewise, it was shown that a larger cladode size presents greater shoots. Conclusion. Cladode size of 400 cm2 in LxA (> 60 cm) guarantee the best development of the asexual seed and cladodes with an area of 200 – 400 cm2 (≈ 30 - 60 cm) are of medium quality.Introducción. La pitahaya, que pertenece a la familia de las cactáceas, es una fruta exótica de múltiples usos gastronómicos y nutracéuticos, y se consume desde tiempos precolombinos. En Costa Rica su consumo no es tradicional y el cultivo comercial no es muy conocido por los agricultores, por lo que es necesario estimular el interés como cultivo alternativo y económicamente rentable principalmente para la región Chorotega y Región Pacífico Central. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de diferentes tamaños de cladodios y soluciones naturales (bioestimulantes), sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo de raíces y brotes. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se desarrolló en la Finca Experimental de Santa Cruz de la Universidad de Costa Rica, durante 2016 – 2017. Se desarrollaron dos experimentos; en el primero se utilizaron cladodios de 40 cm bajo tres soluciones naturales (agua de pipa, coco y lentejas) a concentraciones de 150, 300 y 600 ml.L-1. En el segundo, se evaluó el tamaño de los cladodios entre los 20 y 110 cm. Todos los cladodios se sembraron durante 60 días en bolsas de vivero (2 L) y luego se midió el largo y ancho del brote, longitud y número de raíces, peso seco y fresco de raíces, y la medida alométrica “LxA”. Resultados. La solución con agua de coco a 300 y 600 ml.L-1 mostró 8 cm más de longitud del brote que el testigo, mientras que el agua de pipa a 300 ml.L-1 evidenció el mayor peso seco y fresco de las raíces. Asimismo, se demostró que a un mayor tamaño del cladodio se presenta una mayor brotación. Conclusión. Tamaños de cladodios de 400 cm2 en LxA (> 60 cm) garantiza el mejor desarrollo de la semilla asexual y los cladodios que presenten un área de 200 y 400 cm2 (≈ 30 - 60 cm) son de calidad media

Long-term safety and efficacy of patisiran for hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis with polyneuropathy: 12-month results of an open-label extension study

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Background: Hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis is a rare, inherited, progressive disease caused by mutations in the transthyretin (TTR) gene. We assessed the safety and efficacy of long-term treatment with patisiran, an RNA interference therapeutic that inhibits TTR production, in patients with hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis with polyneuropathy. Methods: This multicentre, open-label extension (OLE) trial enrolled patients at 43 hospitals or clinical centres in 19 countries as of Sept 24, 2018. Patients were eligible if they had completed the phase 3 APOLLO or phase 2 OLE parent studies and tolerated the study drug. Eligible patients from APOLLO (patisiran and placebo groups) and the phase 2 OLE (patisiran group) studies enrolled in this global OLE trial and received patisiran 0·3 mg/kg by intravenous infusion every 3 weeks with plans to continue to do so for up to 5 years. Efficacy assessments included measures of polyneuropathy (modified Neuropathy Impairment Score +7 [mNIS+7]), quality of life, autonomic symptoms, nutritional status, disability, ambulation status, motor function, and cardiac stress, with analysis by study groups (APOLLO-placebo, APOLLO-patisiran, phase 2 OLE patisiran) based on allocation in the parent trial. The global OLE is ongoing with no new enrolment, and current findings are based on the interim analysis of the patients who had completed 12-month efficacy assessments as of the data cutoff. Safety analyses included all patients who received one or more dose of patisiran up to the data cutoff. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02510261. Findings: Between July 13, 2015, and Aug 21, 2017, of 212 eligible patients, 211 were enrolled: 137 patients from the APOLLO-patisiran group, 49 from the APOLLO-placebo group, and 25 from the phase 2 OLE patisiran group. At the data cutoff on Sept 24, 2018, 126 (92%) of 137 patients from the APOLLO-patisiran group, 38 (78%) of 49 from the APOLLO-placebo group, and 25 (100%) of 25 from the phase 2 OLE patisiran group had completed 12-month assessments. At 12 months, improvements in mNIS+7 with patisiran were sustained from parent study baseline with treatment in the global OLE (APOLLO-patisiran mean change -4·0, 95 % CI -7·7 to -0·3; phase 2 OLE patisiran -4·7, -11·9 to 2·4). Mean mNIS+7 score improved from global OLE enrolment in the APOLLO-placebo group (mean change from global OLE enrolment -1·4, 95% CI -6·2 to 3·5). Overall, 204 (97%) of 211 patients reported adverse events, 82 (39%) reported serious adverse events, and there were 23 (11%) deaths. Serious adverse events were more frequent in the APOLLO-placebo group (28 [57%] of 49) than in the APOLLO-patisiran (48 [35%] of 137) or phase 2 OLE patisiran (six [24%] of 25) groups. The most common treatment-related adverse event was mild or moderate infusion-related reactions. The frequency of deaths in the global OLE was higher in the APOLLO-placebo group (13 [27%] of 49), who had a higher disease burden than the APOLLO-patisiran (ten [7%] of 137) and phase 2 OLE patisiran (0 of 25) groups. Interpretation: In this interim 12-month analysis of the ongoing global OLE study, patisiran appeared to maintain efficacy with an acceptable safety profile in patients with hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis with polyneuropathy. Continued long-term follow-up will be important for the overall assessment of safety and efficacy with patisiran.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio