Literatuurscan oorzaken geweld tegen kinderen en jongeren in afhankelijkheidsrelaties

Naar aanleiding van het rapport van de Commissie Seksueel misbruik van minderjarigen in de Rooms-Katholieke Kerk (Commissie Deetman), heeft de Minster van Veiligheid en Justitie, mede namens de Staatssecretaris van VWS, een onderzoek naar dieperliggende oorzaken van seksueel geweld en andere vormen van geweld in afhankelijkheidsrelaties toegezegd aan de Tweede Kamer. Dit onderzoek heeft betrekking op de eerste fase van het onderzoek. Het betreft een literatuurscan die de stand van de wetenschappelijke kennis op hoofdlijnen in kaart moet brengen met betrekking tot de etiologie van seksueel geweld en fysiek geweld tegen kinderen en jongeren, binnen afhankelijkheidsrelaties. De volgende deelvragen staan daarbij centraal: - Wat is de stand van de kennis over de etiologie van fysieke kindermishandeling en seksueel misbruik? - Waar liggen grofweg de mogelijkheden om te interveniëren? - Op welke thema's zou nader, al dan niet empirisch, onderzoek in Nederland wenselijk zijn en hoe zou dat er idealiter uitzien

De mediatisering van de strafrechtspleging

Criminal Justice: Legitimacy, accountability, and effectivit

Van flirt tot fout. Straatintimidatie in (criminologisch) onderzoek

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Targeting colorectal cancer stem cells with inducible caspase-9

Colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive tumor growth and are suggested to initiate distant metastases. Moreover, colon CSCs are reportedly more resistant to conventional chemotherapy, which is in part due to upregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members. To determine whether we could circumvent this apoptotic blockade, we made use of an inducible active caspase-9 (iCasp9) construct to target CSCs. Dimerization of iCasp9 with AP20187 in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells resulted in massive and rapid induction of apoptosis. In contrast to fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced apoptosis, iCasp9-induced apoptosis was independent of the mitochondrial pathway as evidenced by Bax/Bak double deficient HCT116 cells. Dimerizer treatment of colon CSCs transduced with iCasp9 (CSC-iCasp9) also rapidly induced high levels of apoptosis, while these cells were unresponsive to 5-FU in vitro. More importantly, injection of the dimerizer into mice that developed a colon CSC-iCasp9-induced tumor resulted in a strong decrease in tumor size, an increase in tumor cell apoptosis and a clear loss of CD133+ CSCs. Taken together, our data indicate that dimerization of iCasp9 circumvents the apoptosis block in CSCs, which results in effective tumor regression in vivo

Cyclopentenyl cytosine increases gemcitabine radiosensitisation in human pancreatic cancer cells

The deoxycytidine analogue 2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine (dFdC, gemcitabine) is a potent radiosensitiser, but has limited efficacy in combination with radiotherapy in patients with pancreatic cancer due to acute toxicity. We investigated whether cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC), targetting the ‘de novo' biosynthesis of cytidine triphosphate (CTP), could increase dFdC cytotoxicity alone or in combination with irradiation in a panel of human pancreatic cancer cells (Panc-1, Miapaca-2, BxPC-3). To investigate the role of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), the rate-limiting enzyme in the activation of dFdC, human lung cancer cells without (dFdC-resistant SWg) and with an intact dCK gene (dFdC-sensitive SWp) were included. We found that CPEC (100–1000 nmol l−1) specifically reduced CTP levels in a dose-dependent manner that lasted up to 72 h in all cell lines. Preincubation with CPEC resulted in a dose-dependent increase in dFdC incorporated into the DNA only in dFdC-sensitive cells. Consequently, CPEC increased the effectiveness of dFdC (300 nmol l−1 for 4 h) only in dFdC-sensitive cells, which was accompanied by an increase in apoptosis. We also found that CPEC enhanced the radiosensitivity of cells treated with dFdC (30–300 nmol l−1 for 4 h). These results indicate that CPEC enhances the cytotoxicity of dFdC alone and in combination with irradiation in several human tumour cell lines with an intact dCK gene

Young offenders' views of desistance in Japan : a comparison with Scotland

Young offenders' views of the criminal justice system or of why young people desist from crime are rarely sought by policy makers and practitioners the world over. This chapter draws on a recent study of young offenders' and ex-offenders' views and experiences of desistance from crime undertaken within Japan, and draws comparisons with a similar study undertaken in Scotland. The focus of the chapter is young offenders' responses to questions as to why and how young people desist from crime. The chapter prioritises their verbatim answers to these questions and, in comparing the responses between Japanese and Scottish young people, it concludes that despite concerns amongst criminologists about crime and desistance having different aetiologies within Eastern and Western cultures, young people in both Japan and Scotland have remarkably similar views. This consistency is perhaps based on young people's universal status as 'in transition' and potentially marginalised as a result, rather than on any country-specific status as 'young people in trouble'