Algarroba Effects on Behavior and Dairy Production of Grazing Cows II. Rainy Season.

The influence of arborization with algarroba (Prosopis juliflora SW) on behavior and dairy production of grazing cows was evaluated. The trial was made in the rainy season, and six enclosures per arborization treatment were used (low arborization, with 1-7 trees/ha; mid-arborization, with 12-16 trees/ha; and high arborization, with 20-27 trees/ha). Activities were observed every ten minutes during the mornings and afternoons. The number of animals, and each animal´s activity time was recorded. The dairy production data were collected and compared through a randomized design with six repetitions (ANOVA). Significant differences were observed (P < 0.05) to more arborization in grazing (155-173 min), and the monthly values observed were similar. In fields with low arborization, the cows ate less grass, whereas fields with mid and high arborization, the cows grazed longer, and produced more milk (11.2 and 12.59 kg/c/day)

Effect of Algarroba on Grazing Cow Behavior and Milk Production. I. Dry Season.

The effect of algarroba (Prosopis juliflora SW) arborization on grazing cow behavior and milk production was assessed. The trial was made in the rainy season, and six enclosures were used per arborization treatment (low arborization, 1-7 trees/ha; mid arborization, 12-16 trees/ha; high arborization, 20-27 trees/ha). Rational grazing was performed. The grass rested for 21-28 days, and sprinklers were used for irrigation. The animalsʼ activity time and the number of animals were registered. Milk production values were compared using ANOVA, following a randomized design with six replicas. No significant differences were observed in the morning grazing (118-203 min), but there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the afternoon, in favor of more arborization (103-125 min), whereas in lands with mid and high arborization, cows ruminated longer, with higher water consumption and milk production, and values between 11.85-13.76 kg/v/day

Effects of Milled Maize Stalks on the Productive Response of Grazing Dairy Cows.

The productive response of grazing dairy cows was evaluated, using milled corn stalks in the diet. The study was developed in two different settings, in Ecuador (Costa and Sierra regions). On the coast farm (29.1 ha), cows grazed on Bermuda grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) and Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) with several types of legumes (Lysicarpus, Centrosema, Desmodium, Galactia), supplemented with corn stalks cv. INIAP 125. The animals received 0.46 kg beginning at 3 kg, and milled maize stalks in 30 and 28-day periods, respectively (M-30 and M-28), and control without stalks for 36 days (M-0). The farm in the other region (14.2 ha) had 23 cows grazing on Kikuyo grass (P. clandestinum) and ryegrass-white clover (L. perenne and whole maize stalks and T. (60-70% ripe grain), at a rate of 18 kg green/cow/day for 48 days; and balanced supplement, at a rate of 0.5 kg/ milk liter, after the fourth kilogram, along with minerals. In both cases the forage had effects (P < 0.05) on cow response. In the Sierra area, the increase was 1.68 kg/cow, and in the coast, it was 1.1 and 2.5 kg/cow). Maize stalks served as a nutritional complement for poorly consumed grass areas in both regions; milk production/animal was increased, and the costs were reduced

Influencia del algarrobo en la conducta y producción de leche de vacas en pastoreo. I I . Período l luvioso

Se  evaluó  la  influencia  de  la  arborización  con  algarrobo (Prosopis  juliflora  SW)  en  la  conducta  y  producción  de leche  de  vacas  en  pastoreo.   El  ensayo  se  realizó  en época  de  lluvia  y  se  utilizaron  seis  cuartones  por tratamiento  de arborización  (bajo  grado  de  arborización  con 1-7  árboles/ha;   medio  grado  de  arborización  con  1 2- 1 6  árboles/ha  y  alto  grado  de  arborización  20-27 árboles/ha.   En  la  mañana  y  en  la  tarde  se  observaban  las actividades  cada  1 0  min.   Se registró  el  tiempo  del  animal  en actividad,  el  número  de  animales .  Se  tomó  la  información  de  la  producción  de  leche/tratamiento  y  en  un  diseño  al azar  con  seis  repeticiones  se  comparó  mediante  Anava. Se  registraron  diferencias significativas  (P  <  0, 05)  a  favor  de  mayor  arborización  en  pastoreo  ( 1 55- 1 73  min)  y  los índices  tuvieron  un  comportamiento  muy  similar  por  meses.   En  potreros  con  baja  carga  arbórea  las  vacas consumen  menos  pasto,  mientras  que en  potreros  con medio  y  alto  grado  de  arborización,  las  vacas  pastaron más  tiempo  y  tuvieron  mayor  producción  de leche  con valores  entre  1 1 , 02  y  1 2, 50  kg/v/día. Effect  of  Algarroba  on  Grazing  Cow  Behavior  and  Milk  Production.  II.  Rainy  Season ABSTRACTThe  effect  of  algarroba  (Prosopis juliflora  SW)  arborization on  grazing  cow  behavior  and  milk  production  was assessed.   The  trial  was  made  in  the  rainy  season,  and six  enclosures  were  used  per  arborization  treatment  (low  arborization,  1 -7  trees/ha;  mid  arborization,  1 2- 1 6 trees/ha;  high  arborization,  20-27  trees/ha) .   The  time  of each  animal during  activity,  and  the  number  of  animals, were  registered.   Milk  production  values  were  compared using  ANOVA, following  a  randomized  design  with  six replicas.   The  significant  differences  were  registered  (P  <  0. 05)  positively toward  greater  arborization  grazing  ( 1 55- 1 73  min) ,  and  the  indexes  had  a  very  similar  behavior  for months.   In  poorly arborized  grazing  lands  cows  consumed less  pasture,  whereas  in  highly  arborized  lands,  cows stayed  longer  and  pro-duced  more  milk  ( 1 1 . 02  and  1 2. 50  kg/cow/day).

Influencia de Prosopis juliflora: en composición botánica del pastizal, producción de leche y conducta devacas mestizas en pastoreo.

Se evaluó la influencia de la arborización con algarrobo (Prosopis juliflora) sobre la composición botánica, pro-ducción de leche y conducta de vacas mestizas en pastoreo durante la época seca. Se utilizaron tres tratamientos de arborización (A0= 1 a 3 árboles/ha; A1= 4 a 8 árboles/ha y A2= 9 a 13 árboles/ha), con 9 réplicas de 0,45 ha/tratamiento con pastizales de estrella cv africano (Cynodon nlemfuensis, Vanderyst) y saboya naturalizado (Panicum maximum, Jacq), y asociadas a ellos, leguminosas de los géneros Centrosema, Desmodium, Macroptilium y Teramnuz. Se encontró efecto favorable de A 2 (9 a 13 árboles/ha) sobre pasto saboya (P < 0,05) con 50 % del pastizal; y efecto favorable diferencial sobre estrella, Desmodiumy Centrosema. La producción de leche fue superior significativamente (P < 0,05) en A2, (214 kg/día; 8,71 kg/vaca/día y 9,48 kg/ha/día) por la mejor composición florística del pastizal, mejor valor nutricional de las gramíneas, las leguminosas y confort que representa la mayor cobertura arbórea (P < 0,05). En las pruebas de conducta, los animales tuvieron mayor por ciento de actividad de pastoreo que influyó en la respuesta láctea de las vacas.Influence of Prosopis juliflora: on pasture botanical composition, milk production and the behavior of crossbred cows in grazing.ABSTRACTThe influence of the forestation with carob (Prosopis juliflora) on the botanical composition, milk production and the behavior of crossbred cows in grazing were assessed during the dry season. Three forestation treatment were used (A0 = 1 to 3 trees/ha; A1 = 4 to 8 trees/ha and A2 = 9 to 13 trees/ha) with 9 duplicates of 0,45 ha/treatment with African cv (Cynodon nlemfuensis, Vanderyst) star pastures and naturalized Savoy (Panicum maximum, Jacq), and le-gumes of the genera of Centrosema, Desmodium, Macroptilium y Teramnuzassociated with them. A favorable effect of the A2treatment was found in Savoy grazing (P < 0,05) with 50 % of the pasture and differential favorable effect on Star, Desmodiumand Centrosema. Milk production increased appreciably (P < 0,05)  in A2(214 kg/day; 8,71 kg/cow/day y 9,48 kg/ha/day) because of the better floristic composition of the pastures, better nutritional value of gramineous, legumes and comfort which represents the greater arboreal area (P < 0,05). Animals had a greater percent of grazing activity in the behavioral tests. That influenced the milk response of the cows

Fodder, Nitrogen, and Energy Balances in Grasslands with Algarroba Trees (Prosopis juliflora (S.W.) DC.) under Dairy Cow Grazing

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of algarroba (Prosopis juliflora (S.W.) DC.) on fodder, nitrogen and energy contents in Ecuadoran dairy farm grasslands. The study was made at ESPAM bovine facility, 15 meters above sea level, in Manabí, 00º49’23’’, south latitude, and 80º11’01” west longitude, with 962.4 mm of annual precipitation, between September 2011 and December 2014. The stocking rate was 1.09 LU/ha. The areas were populated with 1-4 algarroba trees/ha by 2011, and 8-35 trees/ha, in 2014. Fodder, nitrogen, and energy balances depended on the arborization degree. As a result, 52 t of DM were estimated in 2014, in comparison to the 21 t produced in 2011. Nitrogen was higher with increased arborization between 2011 (60.9 kg/ha), greater nutrient intake from external sources, and 2014 (39.3 kg/ha), with less use of supplements and mineral fertilizers, and greater N2 contribution by arborization. The energy values were higher in 2014, with an increase in algarroba population/ha. The rise in trees/ha in 2014 favored forage yields, with improved N2 and energy efficiency, which was linked to the benefits acquired by the grassland, the contribution of nitrogen to the ecosystem, and the reduction in feed and fertilizer consumption, which led to energy savings

Influencia del algarrobo en la conducta y producción de leche de vacas en pastoreo. I. Período de Seca.

Se evaluó la influencia de la arborización con algarrobo (Prosopis juliflora SW) en la conducta y producción deleche de vacas en pastoreo. El ensayo se realizó en época de seca y se utilizaron seis cuartones por tratamiento de arborización (bajo grado de arborización con 1-7 árboles/ha; medio grado de arborización con 12-16 árboles/ha y alto grado de arborización 20-27 árboles/ha). El pastoreo fue racional. El reposo del pasto fue de 21 a 28 días y se utilizó riego por aspersión. En la mañana y en la tarde se observaban las actividades cada 10 min. Se registró el tiempo del animal por actividad, número de animales. Se tomó la información de la producción de leche y en un diseño al azar con seis repeticiones se comparó mediante ANAVA. No hubo diferencias significativas en el pastoreo en la mañana (118 a 203 min), pero sí fueron significativas (P < 0,05) en la tarde a favor de mayor arborización(103 a 125 min), mientras que en potreros con medio y alto grado de arborización, las vacas rumiaron mástiempo, con mayor consumo de agua y producción de leche con valores entre 11,85 y 13,76 kg/v/día.Effect of Algarroba on Grazing Cow Behavior and Milk Production. I. Dry Season ABSTRACTThe effect of algarroba (Prosopis juliflora SW) arborization on grazing cow behavior and milk production was assessed. The trial was made in the rainy season, and six enclosures were used per arborization treatment (low arborization, 1-7 trees/ha; mid arborization, 12-16 trees/ha; high arborization, 20-27 trees/ha). Rational grazing was performed. The grass rested for 21-28 days, and sprinklers were used for irrigation. Each animal´s activity time, and the number of animals, were registered. Milk production values were compared using ANOVA, following a randomized design with six replicas. No significant differences were observed in the morning grazing (118 -203 min),but there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the afternoon, positively toward more arborization (103 -125 min), whereas in lands with mid and high arborization, cows ruminated longer, with higher water consumption and milk production, and values between11.85 - 13.76 kg/v/day

Efecto de la inclusión del forraje de maíz molido en la respuesta productiva de vacas lecheras en pastoreo.

Se evaluó la respuesta productiva de vacas lecheras en pastoreo al incluir forraje de maíz molido en su dieta. El estudio se realizó en dos ambientes diferentes de Ecuador (Región Costa y Sierra). En la costa, en una finca de 29,1 ha,las vacas pastaron asociaciones de estrella (Cynodon nlemfuensis) y saboya (Panicum máximum) con leguminosas devarios géneros como Alysicarpus, Centrosema, Desmodium, Galactia, suple-mentadas con forraje de maíz cv. INIAP 125. Los animales recibieron 0,46 kg a partir del tercer kilogramo, y forraje de maíz molido en períodos de 30 y 28 días, respectivamente (M-30 y M-28) y control sin forraje por 36 días (M-0). En la otra región, la propiedad tenía 14,2 ha y 23 vacas en ordeño; estas pastaron asociaciones de kikuyo (P. clandestinum) y ryegra-sstrébol blanco (L. perenne y T. repens) y forraje de maíz planta completa (60 a 70 % grano maduro), a razón de 18 kg verde/vaca/día durante 48 días, y balanceado a razón de 0,5 kg/l de leche después del cuarto kilogramo y minerales. El forraje influyó en ambos casos (P < 0,05) en la respuesta de las vacas; para la zona de la sierra el incremento fue de 1,68 kg/vaca de aumento en la leche y en la costa el aumento fue entre 1,1 y 2,5 kg/vaca. El forraje de maíz complementó nutri-cionalmente las asociaciones bajo pastoreo en ambas regiones, incrementó el rendimiento lechero/animal y redujo los costos.Effect of Ground CornStalks on the Productive Response of Dairy Grazing Cows ABSTRACTThe productive response of dairy grazing cows using ground cornstalks was assessed. The study was developed in two different Ecuadoran settings (Costa Region and Sierra). At the Costa, on a 29.1 ha farm, the cows grazed on star clusters (Cynodon nlemfuensis) and panic grass(Panicum máximum), with legumes of different genera, such as Alysicarpus, Centrosema, Desmodium, Galactia, supplemented with corn stalks, cv. INIAP 125. The animals received 0.46 kg from the third kg onward, and ground corn stalks in 30- and 28- day periods, respectively (M-30 and M-28), and a control group without stalks for 36 days (M-0). In another region, the estate had 14.2 ha and 23 milking cows, grazing on clusters of West African pennisetum (P. clandestinum) and ryegrass white clover (L. perenne and T. repens) and whole corn stalks (60 -70 % ripe grain), at a ratio of 18 kg green/cow/day for 48 days and balanced at a ratio of 0.5 kg/l of milk following the fourth kilogram, and minerals. In both cases, stalks effected (P < 0.05) on cow response. In the Sierra region, the milk yield increase observed was 1.68 kg/cow, and in the Costa region, it was between 1.1 and 2.5 kg/cow. Corn stalks meant nutritional supplementation to grazing clusters in both regions, increased milk/animal yields, and cost reductions

Estudio de mercado de la Industria Cárnica en Manabí, Ecuador.

Se realizó un estudio de mercado de los cárnicos en el Cantón Bolívar como objetivo de este trabajo. Se consideró la población del cantón Bolívar, provincia de Manabí con 37 262 habitantes. Se obtuvo una muestra representativa de 380 personas a encuestar. Se realizaron encuestas a un grupo de preguntas acerca de la cadena de mercado de la carne en la ciudad de Calceta y de otras áreas del Cantón Bolívar.  El análisis de la oferta se realizó para los diferentes productos similares ofertados por proveedores y permitió explicar el comportamiento a través del tiempo, se contemplaron las industrias a nivel nacional que producen variedades de cortes de carnes maduradas y productos cárnicos. Por el estudio de cadena realizado, se concluye que en el 96 % de consumidores de carne, hay preferencias en el sentido de la carne bovina fresca de cortes procedentes de tercenas y mercados tradicionales, aunque con una  percepción en incremento hacia cortes más protegidos y con mejor empaque de supermercados, compras hasta 1,8 kg/semana de carne fresca y embutidos y ahumados de marcas registradas, con criterios en la perspectiva cercana que favorecen la mayor presencia de una industria universitaria local con procesos  y productos cárnicos estandarizados, con reducción de riesgos para la salud por malas prácticas conocidas de faenamiento en el matadero local.Market Study of Meat Processing Industry in Manabí, Ecuador.ABSTRACTA meat market study was conducted in Bolivar canton, as part of this research.  The population included in the study (380 persons) was taken from the total number of inhabitants of the canton (37 262). A number of questions were made about the meat market system in the city of Calceta and other areas in Bolivar canton. Supply analysis made to several other similar products available in the area explained the behavior through time. Also included in the study were national meat processing plants that sell cured meat cuts and other meat products, in general. The chain study concluded that 96 % of meat consumers preferred fresh beef from butcheries and traditional markets, though with an increasing perception to consume safer cuts with less supermarket packing. They were also more prone to buy up to 1.8 kg/week of trademark fresh beef, sausages and smoked meat. It revealed a higher inclination to develop a local university industry offering standard processed and meat products, reducing health risks due to wrong production practices at the local slaughterhouse.