ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN MARKET ECONOMY

 Economic efficiency emerges after comparing the effects of some action with the efforts needed to produce it and has general applicability in decision-making in any country. It can be said that economic efficiency is closely related to the use of resources in the economy and its essential feature is the stress/effects causal ratio.In the competitive system of the free market, the activity of the economic agents provides performance to the extent that it has a high efficiency. Any human activity is, at the same time, resources consuming and effects producing.In the economic theory, the concept of efficiency characterizes the activity developed in various fields: economic, social, educational, health, sports, etc. More concretely, it reflects the physical, intellectual and moral (in the deontological sense) effort made to achieve a goal or the pre-established objective, respectively the relationship between two waves: the resources spent and the resulting effects, expressed in physical (pieces, kg, and meter) or value (lei) units of measurement. 

Food Chilling Methods and CFD Analysis of a Refrigeration Cabinet as a Case Study

This chapter presents the most significant facts about food chilling. For food chilling, the chilling medium in mechanically cooled chillers may be air, water or another secondary cooling agent (slurry ice), or metal surfaces (heat exchangers). Ice chilling is also presented. CFD simulation is applied to a vertical display cabinet with four shelves. In order to evaluate the temperature gradient, the following stages are taken into account: preprocessing—geometry set-up and design of the discretization scheme; processing—introduction of the boundary conditions and calculation; and post-processing—visualization of the velocity and temperature fields

Intrauterine insemination in sows

For obtaining high and constant fecundity and natality in sows, doses containing between 3 and 5 spermatozoa were used in Romania. Our investigation was oriented to a new insemination method, called intrauterine, which consists in depositing the seminal material in uterus, thus reducing the number of inseminated spermatozoa. The DeepgoldenpigTM device was used. This method was compared with the classical artificial insemination, which involves the use of the Goldenpig® device and depositing the seminal material at cervical level. Doses containing 3, 2, and 1 billion spermatozoa, diluted with X – Cell gel were packaged in 80 ml Cochette bags. The females with a weaning to estrus interval of 2 – 11 days were inseminated twice at an interval of 12 hours. Pregnancy was determined at 28 – 30 days since insemination, using an ultrasound scan. The standard inseminating method produced fecundity rates of 90.6%, 87.9%, and 60.5% per doses with 3, 2, and 1 billion spermatozoa, while the intrauterine method obtained rates of 91.6%, 90.8%, and 59.5%. The farrowing rates were of 90.2%, 87.4%, and 59.5% in case of classical method, and 90.9%, 90.3%, and 81.1% for intrauterine method. Significant differences were obtained by using doses of 1 billion spermatozoa. As a conclusion, intrauterine insemination was simple, safe, and effective, and allowed the sperm dose to be reduced to 1 billion spermatozoa

Hemoragiile obstetricale – Aspecte de conduită

Frecvenţa hemoragiilor obstetricale patologice a constituit 2,2%. Prevalează hemoragiile în perioadele ante- şi intrapartum – 51,7%, provocate mai frecvent de decolarea prematură a placentei normal inserate (66%). Hemoragiile compensate au constituit 79,7%, subcompensate – 13,2% şi decompensate reversibile - 7,1% cazuri. Mortalitate maternă nu a fost inregistrată

Ovarian response to P4-PGF-FSH treatment in Suffolk sheep and P4-PGF-PMSG synchronization in cross-bred ewes,for IVD and ET protocol

Background The success of an embryo transfer protocol in sheep depends on many factors, but the choice of drugs for the desired superovulation as well as the conception rate (CR) are most essential. Reproductive activity in sheep is characterized by a seasonality influenced by several factors such as photoperiod, latitude, temperature, nutrition and breed. Reproductive seasonality and nutritional condition are the main factors that influence embryo production in sheep. In sheep, some anatomical peculiarities limit the application of traditional reproductive biotechnologies used in cattle. Objectives The aim of this study was to conclude on the effectiveness of a wider on farm in vivo embryo transfer development programme in Suffolk sheep by streamlining hormone therapies and optimizing technique. Methods A total number of 60 sheep and three rams were included in this study, divided into two groups (receptors and donors). Donor Suffolk sheep were treated for superovulation using the P4-PGF-FSH multiple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET) protocol, while the cross-bred recipients’ group was synchronized with P4-PGF-PMSG. Results On the first day after superovulation, all ovaries had more than five dominant follicles, while corpora lutea were later observed in 83.3% sheep. The recovery rate was 83.3%, while 72.9% embryos were transferable. Embryos were transferred directly into recipients. Fertility after 30 days was 68.57%, lambing rate was 91.6% and CR was 62.85%. This study showed that veterinary drugs (P4, FSH, LH, PMSG, PGF) used for superovulation optimized by us were capable of producing by this improved technique the optimization of the reproduction indices at embryo-transfer (ET) and to be able to be used successfully. Conclusions The application of an MOET protocol has a positive effect in the production of in vivo embryo production (IVD) embryos in Suffolk sheep and can guarantee the success of embryo transfer activity to ewes with lower genetic merit. Our research aimed at representing a model for sheep farms for a rapid improvement of productive traits

Experimental and Computing Methods to Determine the External Surface Temperature of the Gun Barrel

The need to determine the small arms weapon system barrel temperature under a variety of conditions makes modelling and simulation a good alternative to the expensive real tests. Therefore, in a unique way, this paper includes three alternatives to assess the external surface temperature in order to better understand the balance between the chosen calculation method accuracy and the computed time. For numerical simulations, the initial conditions were established based on STANREC 4367 thermodynamic interior ballistic model. The heat transfer was solved for One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional model using the finite difference discretisation method, with code written in Matlab. The Three-Dimensional model was resolved by finite element analysis method in Ansys. The simulations results are validated by means of the results obtained in case of two real firing scenarios. During the field testing, a new detection method based on shockwaves microphones was used in order to exactly establish the moment of each shoot and to precisely observe the temperature evolution on barrel surface

Total Aseptization of Boar Semen, to Increase the Biosecurity of Reproduction in Swine

The aim of the study was to establish the complete microbiological profile of boar semen (Sus scrofa domesticus) and to choose the most effective antiseptic measures in order to control and optimize AI reproduction in pig farms. One hundred and one semen samples were collected and analyzed from several pig farms. The microbiological profile of ejaculates was determined by evaluating the degree of contamination of fresh semen and after dilution with specific extenders. The bacterial and fungal load of fresh boar semen recorded an average value of 82.41/0.149 × 103 CFU/mL, while after diluting the ejaculates the contamination value was 0.354/0.140 × 103 CFU/mL. Twenty-four germs (15 bacterial and 9 fungal species) were isolated, the most common being Candida parapsilosis/sake (92%) and Escherichia coli (81.2%). Modification of the sperm collection protocol (HPBC) reduced contamination in raw sperm by 49.85% in bacteria (significant (p 0.05)

Studies regarding energy consumption variation and drying time for corn seed in laboratory conditions

The drying process for grain seeds ensures optimal conditions for storage and stops microbiological processes. In order to improve the drying process of corn seeds an was installation designed and built, aiming for the dehydration of cereal seeds in laboratory conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal operating parameters of the drying process in order to maximize the technological effect, namely to minimize the drying time and the energy consumption. To achieve this goal, corn seeds with humidities between 16-25% were subjected successively to be dried, in three adjoining cells with 50 mm thickness each. During the research the structural and functional parameters for the dehydration rig were modified, namely the velocity and temperature of the drying agent, until the corn moisture reached 14%, aiming to assess their influence over the duration and energy consumption per product unit. The experimental research displayed variations between 0.006 and 0.03 kWh/kg for energy consumption, and between 2 and 150 minutes for the drying time. A total number of 80 experimental variants were studied during the research, the lowest values of the drying time being recorded at a speed of the drying agent of 2.5 m/s with a temperature of 80 °C and the minimum values of energy consumption at the speed of 2 m/s with a temperature of 80 oC. The research proved that the functional and technical parameters have a major influence over the process duration and energy consumption

Response to poliovulatory (POV) treatment, by ultrasound in Suffolk breed

This study was done on a batch of Suffolk beef sheep, acclimatized in Romania.. The success of an ET protocol in sheep depends on many factors, but in the end, what matters is the number of embryos obtained. Embryo recovery (recovery rate), after poliovulation (POV), is an essential step in ET. The aim of our experiment was to observe the ovarian reaction (follicles –F, and corpora lutea-CL) to the treatment of Suffolk sheep polyovulation, The aim of our experiment was to observe the ovarian reaction to the treatment of Suffolk sheep POV. A number of 3 Suffolk sheep were poliovulated at the reproductive season, using P4-FSH-PGF protocol. The POV method was based on the administration of sponges with intravaginal progesterone 12 days, followed by 500 IU FSH: LHp in decreasing doses in the last 4 days, and a PGF on day 11. The poliovulatory ovarian response was monitored by transectal ultrasound, before estrus was detected, and on the day 7. The ovulatory response following POV treatment was assessed by CL counting. In two out of three sheep, CL was identified, despite the fact that they all had follicular growth, in sheep no. 2, no dehiscence occurred. The total number of formations observed was 26 CL. The distribution of CL between the two right and left ovaries, in the three cases examined was thus 8 CL on the right ovary and 7 CL on the left (in sheep 1), no CL in sheep 2 and 6/5 in sheep no. 3. The POV response to FSH in the Suffolk breed was an average of 8.6 F/sheep of the developed follicles. Our goal was in fact to follow the ovarian dynamics in these meat breeds, in order to apply the best treatment schemes, for successfully apply embryo transfer