Wittgenstein’s and islamic concept of religious belief

This paper is divided into two sections. In the first section I discuss the concept of religious beliefs according to Wittgenstein and Islam. In the second section of the paper I discuss the points of similarity between Islamic and Wittgenstein’s concepts of religious beliefs.Dr. Aamir Riyaz, Assistant Professor, Hans Raj College, Delhi University, IndiaHans Raj College, Delhi UniversityAl-Bukhari, Muhammad Muhsin Khan (Trans.), Kitab Bhavan, New Delhi, 1987.C. Barrett, Wittgenstein on Ethics and Religious Belief, Blackwell, 1991.N. Malcolm, Wittgenstein: A Religious point of View? London: Routledge, 1993.Mohd. Iqbal, Kulyat-e-Iqbal, Educational Publishing House, Delhi, 2005.Sahih Muslim, Abdul Hamid Siddiqi (trans.), Kitab Bhavan, New Delhi, 2000, Vol. 1; Ch. 2; H. 6.R. Rush (ed.), Ludwig Wittgenstein: Personal Recollection, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981.Vohra, Ashok, JICPR, Vol. XXIV.L. Wittgenstein, Culture and Value, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1953.L.Wittgenstein, On Certainty, ed. by G.E.M. Anscombe and G.H. von Wright, translated by Dennis Paul and G.E.M. Amscombe, NewYork and Evanston: J. & J. Harper Edition, 1968.L. Wittgenstein, Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief, ed. C. Barrett, Oxford: Blackwell, 1969.361-3722736137

Spiral Computed Tomographic Evaluation and Endodontic Management of a Mandibular Second Molar with Four Roots. A Case Report and Literature Review

The vast majority of mandibular second molars have two roots with three root canals; however, variations in molar root canal anatomy are not uncommon. To the best of our knowledge, four rooted mandibular second molar with three mesial roots and one distal root has never been reported. Herein, we present the endodontic management of a four rooted mandibular second molar tooth, diagnosed with the assistance of spiral computed tomography (SCT) with a brief review of literature

Comparative Evaluation of Physical Surface Changes and Incidence of Separation in Rotary Nickel-Titanium Instruments: An in Vitro SEM Study

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the physical surface changes and incidence of separation in rotary nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Methods and Materials: A total number of 210 freshly extracted human maxillary and mandibular first molars were selected and distributed between three groups. Three different systems of rotary NiTi instruments, namely ProFile (PF), RaCe (RC) and Twisted File (TF), were used to prepare the canals using crown-down technique. All instruments were evaluated by means of SEM with 500× and 1500× magnifications, at four different stages; before use, after preparation of 7 and 14 canals and after instrument separation. Photomicrographs were also taken. The data was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the level of significance was set at 0.001. It was found that H (HAT matrix) was 15.316 with 2 degrees of freedom. Moreover the various groups were compared using the Student-Newman-Keuls test with P<0.05 and it was found that all groups were significantly different. Results: RC showed the maximum wear of the surface followed by TF (P<0.05). PF showed the minimum wear except for its tip. There was no correlation between electropolishing and file fracture. Insignificant difference was observed in the mean number of canals shaped by PF and TF before their separation. Conclusion: Clinically, TF performance was superior, followed by PF then RC. RC fracture rate was the greatest after preparing the least number of canals

Buddhist ethics of Pancha Shila: A Solution to the Present Day and Future Problems

Most of the religions of the world are based on some fundamental moral principles of good conduct/virtues and prohibits its followers to do anything which is not good for the welfare of the society as a whole. This fundamental moral principal of good conduct, in Buddhism, is known as Pancha Shila (Five Precepts or Five Virtues). Pancha Shila is the basic assumption of moral activities for both households as well as for renunciates. It forms the actual practice of morality. Each time the precepts are upheld, the moral volitions are strengthened, until morality becomes a habitualtrait through the condition of repetition. For the smooth functioning of a society, every Buddhist has to follow the five moral precepts i.e. abstaining from killing, abstaining from stealing, abstaining from sexual misconduct, abstaining from falsehood, abstaining from taking intoxicants. Jainism, Christianity, Hinduism and Islam too accept such ethical codes with little modification. These are called cardinal virtues. Jaina concept of Pancha Mahavrata is very close to Buddhist concept of Pancha Shila. In Jainism these are; Ahimsa (Abstinence from all injury to life), Satyam (Abstinence from falsehood), Asteyam (Abstinence from stealing), Brahmacharyam (abstinence from self indulgence), Aparigraha (Abstinence from all attachment). Mahatma Gandhi too accepted these five cardinal virtues given by Jainism but he added two more in it which are; Fearlessness and Faith in God. The five precepts of Buddhism offers the moral conducts following which everyone can avoid evil deeds and can contribute in making this world a better world for present and future generations. The precept of abstaining from killing leads to the respect for other’s life. The precept of abstaining from stealing leads to the respect for other’s property. The precept of abstaining from sexual misconduct leads to the respect for one’s own dignity and dignity of other’s especially women. The precept of abstaining from falsehood leads to the respect for honesty. The precept of abstaining from taking alcohol leads to innumerable number of good qualities like respect for a clear mind, respect for modesty of other human beings, respect for money, respect for one’s own dignity, respect for other’s life and so on. The five precepts of Buddhism make a person disciplined, which is one of the most important ingredients for the development of overall personality of a person. A developing country cannot become a developed one unless its citizens are disciplined. If we analyze the five precepts given by Buddhism then, we find that the solution for most of world problems lies in it. If everyone follows five precepts then, I think this world will be transformed into a better place, a place where people have respects for other’s life and property, where everybody’s interest will be taken care of, where people will have an altruistic approach towards society. In short, this world can be transformed into a heaven.Delhi UniversityAli, A.Y., The Holy Quran, text, translation and commentary, Kitab Bhavan, New Delhi, 2006.Harvey, Peter, An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics, Cambridge University Press, 2000.Holy Bible, New International Version, International Bible Society, 1984.Kalupahana, David J, Ethics in Early Buddhism, University of Hawaii, 1Keown, Damein (Ed.), Contemporary Buddhist Ethics, Routledge Curzon, London and New York, 2000.Saddhatissa, H., Buddhist Ethics, Wisdom Publication, London, 1987.Sharma, R.N., (Ed.), Manusmrti, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthana, 2003.Tiwari, M., Perspective on Buddhist Ethics, Department of Buddhist Ethics, 1989.30/121522

Spiral computed tomographic evaluation and endodontic management of a mandibular first molar with three distal canals

The use of spiral computed tomography serves as a boon in endodontic diagnosis of complex anatomic variations. The present case demonstrates the spiral tomographic evaluation and endodontic management of a mandibular first molar with 5 canals (2 mesial and 3 distal canals), which is a very rare anatomic variant. Such anatomic variations should be taken into account in day to day endodontic practice to ensure a high degree of clinical success

Comparison of various sealers on postoperative pain in single-visit endodontics: A randomized clinical study

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of bioceramic-based sealers on postendodontic pain following single-visit endodontics. Materials and Methods: Ninety patients requiring primary endodontic treatment were selected for the study. Patients were treated in single visit endodontically using three different bioceramic-based sealers: Group 1: obturation done using mineral trioxide aggregate plus sealer, Group 2: obturation done using EndoSequence BC sealer, and Group 3: iRoot SP sealer. Postendodontic pain was measured for 48 h postoperatively. Results: No significant difference was found in postendodontic pain scores between the sealers groups. Conclusion: Postendodontic pain was reduced in all treatment groups. Any of the three bioceramic sealers can be used for single-visit endodontics without fear of postoperative pain

Effect of preoperative ibuprofen in controlling postendodontic pain with and without low-level laser therapy in single visit endodontics: A randomized clinical study

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of low-level laser irradiation and ibuprofen in reducing the onset and severity of postoperative pain following single visit endodontics. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty patients were recruited for this study. Group A (n = 30) patients were administered 400 mg of ibuprofen orally 1 h before the institution of an endodontic procedure. Group B (n = 30) patients were given irradiation of a low-level laser at 50 Hz for 3 min after the standard endodontic procedure at the periapical region on both buccal and lingual aspect. Group C (n = 30) patients were given preoperative ibuprofen followed with a low-level laser at 50 Hz for 3 min after endodontic treatment. Group D (n = 30) patients were administered no preoperative ibuprofen nor low-level laser irradiation after the endodontic procedure. The patient immediately recorded his/her pain perception on the Heft Parker pain survey after completion of the appointment and at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively. Inter group analysis was carried out using the analysis of variances with “least significant difference” post hoc test. For intra group analysis, Student's t-test was used. Chi-square test was applied for nonparametric data. Results: Pain was significantly reduced in all the treatment groups postoperatively. Ibuprofen showed significant pain reduction at 4 h and 8 h period. The combination of low-level laser and ibuprofen showed the best results in terms of postoperative pain reduction. Conclusion: This study proved that low-level laser therapy can be an effective alternative for conventional use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in controlling postendodontic pain thereby eliminating the adverse effects of such drugs on the patients