A Framework for a Robot's Emotion Engine

An Emotions Engine is a modelling and a simplification of the Brain circuitry that generate emotions. It should produce a variety of responses including rapid reaction-like emotions as well as slower moods. We introduce such an engine and then propose a framework for its translated equivalent for a robot. We then define key issues that need addressing and provide guidelines via the framework, for its implementation onto an actual robot’s Emotions Engine

Modified Galbraith plot for studies that presented data on CIN3+ (based on two-sided p-values).

<p>Standard normal deviate of OR against its precision.</p

Inclusion and exclusion of publications in selection of RCT reports and post-RCT follow-on cohort studies.

<p>Inclusion and exclusion of publications in selection of RCT reports and post-RCT follow-on cohort studies.</p

L'Abbé plot displaying the rate of cervical or vulval/vaginal lesions at end-of-study follow-up.

<p>Symbol size represents sample size. Results are displayed in terms of the line of equality where event rate in vaccine group  =  event rate in control/placebo group</p

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of L1-VLP-Based Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Efficacy against Anogenital Pre-Cancer in Women with Evidence of Prior HPV Exposure

<div><p>Background</p><p>It is unclear whether L1-VLP-based human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are efficacious in reducing the likelihood of anogenital pre-cancer in women with evidence of prior vaccine-type HPV exposure. This study aims to determine whether the combined results of the vaccine trials published to date provide evidence of efficacy compared with control (hepatitis A vaccine/placebo).</p><p>Methods</p><p>A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and references of identified studies. The bivalent vaccine containing HPV-16 and 18 VLPs from GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals (Rixenstart, Belgium), the quadrivalent vaccine containing HPV-6, 11, 16, and 18 VLPs from Merck & Co., Inc., (Whitehouse Station, NJ USA), and the HPV-16 monovalent vaccine from Merck Research Laboratories (West Point, PA USA) were evaluated.</p><p>Findings</p><p>Three RCT reports and two post-trial cohort studies were eligible, comprising data from 13,482 women who were included in the vaccine studies but had evidence of HPV infection at study entry. Data on efficacy was synthesized using the Mantel-Haenszel weighted fixed-effect approach, or where there was heterogeneity between studies, the DerSimonian and Laird weighted random-effect approach. The mean odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between <i>Cervarix</i>, <i>Gardasil</i> and HPV-16 monovalent vaccine and HPV-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse was 0·90 (95% CI: 0·56, 1·44). For the association between <i>Gardasil</i> and HPV-associated vulval/vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2–3, the overall OR and 95% CI was 2.25 (95% CI: 0·78, 6.50). Sample size and follow-up were limited.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>There was no evidence that HPV vaccines are effective in preventing vaccine-type HPV associated pre-cancer in women with evidence of prior HPV exposure. Small effects of vaccination however cannot be excluded and a longer-term benefit in preventing re-infection remains possible.</p></div

Summary of selected characteristics of three RCT reports and two post-RCT follow-on cohort studies contributing to a meta-analysis.

<p>*In accordance with local regulatory and ethical requirements, an exclusion criterion for number of lifetime sexual partners was not applied in Finland. As a result, a proportion of 16–17 year old Finnish girls had more than 4,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090348#pone.0090348-Olsson3" target="_blank">[14]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090348#pone.0090348-Joura2" target="_blank">[20]</a> 5,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090348#pone.0090348-FUTURE1" target="_blank">[1]</a> or 6 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090348#pone.0090348-Lehtinen1" target="_blank">[19]</a> lifetime partners.</p><p>**The post-PATRICIA trial cohort study did not publish the median lifetime number of sexual partners of study participants.<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090348#pone.0090348-Lehtinen1" target="_blank">[19]</a> Data regarding the number of sexual partners in the past 12 months (at baseline) was available; the median number of sexual partners in the past year was 1 in both the vaccine and control group arms of the study.</p><p>***Women from the HPV-16 monovalent vaccine trial did not contribute to analysis of HPV-18 related endpoints.<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090348#pone.0090348-Mao1" target="_blank">[22]</a>.</p><p>****Lifetime number of sexual partners was not an inclusion or exclusion criterion.<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090348#pone.0090348-Castellsague1" target="_blank">[15]</a>.</p

Modified Galbraith plot for studies that presented data on VIN2-3/VaIN2-3 (based on two-sided p-values).

<p>Standard normal deviate of OR against its precision.</p

Odds of incident/persistent prevalence of composite vulval/vaginal lesions.

<p>Odds of incident/persistent prevalence of composite vulval/vaginal lesions.</p

Women with evidence of prior exposure evaluated for vaccine efficacy.

<p>*Women with a history of genital warts or warts at baseline were not included in the TVC.</p><p>**A TVC was not investigated in one individual RCT.<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090348#pone.0090348-Villa2" target="_blank">[21]</a> Outcomes for a TVC in this report were derived from the summary of participants excluded from analysis, extracting data specifically on women excluded from the TVC-naïve.</p

Search strategy and identification of publications.

<p>*When full text was not imposed as a limitation, no additional RCT reports or post-RCT follow-on cohort studies were eligible for the meta-analysis, identified via abstracts.</p