Occurrence of tick-borne pathogens (Anaplasma spp, Babesia spp, Ehrlichia spp, Hepatozoon spp e Rickettsia spp) in maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and domestic dogs at Serra da Canastra National Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil

No período de julho de 2004 a junho de 2012, foram realizadas 104 capturas de lobos-guará. Os animais foram contidos quimicamente para coleta de material biológico. Carrapatos foram encontrados em 94 lobos e enviados ao Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias da FMVZ-USP, onde foram identificados com auxílio de estereomicroscópio e chaves taxonômicas. Das amostras analisadas, foram encontradas 72 larvas, 188 ninfas e 911 carrapatos adultos, pertencetes as espécies Rhipicephalus microplus, Amblyomma spp., Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma brasiliense, Amblyomma tigrinum. O presente trabalho registra pela primeira vez larva de R. microplus e adulto de A. brasiliense parasitando C. brachyurus no país, reforçando os achados prévios da literatura destas espécies de carrapatos utilizarem os lobos-guará como hospedeiros. Sangue e soro também foram coletados durante contenção química, 67 amostras de sangue total de lobos guará e 52 carrapatos adultos foram testados através da técnica de Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR) para a pesquisa de DNA de Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Hepatozoon spp. e Rickettsia spp. Foi realizada a sorologia para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Rickettsia spp. para 210 amostras de soro de cães domésticos e 43 foram positivas. Quatro indivíduos apresentaram reação homóloga para R. parkeri, dois para R. rhipicephali, um para R. rickettsii. Alem disso, foram testadas 88 amostras de soro de lobo guará e, destas, 84 foram positivas para pelo menos uma das espécies de Rickettsia e indicaram reação homóloga para R. parkeri e R. rhipicephali. Foram testadas 84 amostras de soro de lobo-guará na sorologia para Ehrlichia canis e, destas, 16 foram positivas. Nos testes moleculares foi detectada e confirmada a presença de H. canis, H. felis, R. parkeri já descritas para os hospedeiros vertebrados e invertebrados testados no estudo e ainda o primeiro registro em A. tigrinum de Candidatus R. andeanae e Candidatus Midichloria mitocondriiFrom July 2004 to June 2012, 104 maned wolves were captured. The animals were chemically restrained in order to collect biological material. Ticks were found in 94 wolves and sent to the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases FMVZ USP, and were identified using a stereomicroscope and taxonomic keys. Of the samples analyzed, 72 were larvae, 188 nymphs and 911 adult ticks, from the species Rhipicephalus microplus , Amblyomma spp , A. cajennense, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma brasiliense e Amblyomma tigrinum. This paper reports for the first time larvae of R. b. microplus and adult of A. brasiliense parasitizing C. brachyurus in the country, reinforcing the findings in previous studies of these species of ticks using the maned wolves as hosts . Blood and serum samples were also collected during chemical restraint, 67 blood samples of maned wolves and 52 adult ticks were tested using the technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the detection of DNA of Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp. Ehrlichia spp., Hepatozoon spp. and Rickettsia spp. Serology was performed for the detection of antibodies to Rickettsia spp. 210 serum samples of domestic dogs were tested and 43 were positive. Four individuals showed reaction homologous to R. parkeri, two for R. rhipicephali and one for R. rickettsia. In addition, we tested 88 serum samples of maned wolf and 84 were positive for at least one species of Rickettsia and indicated homologous reaction to R. parkeri and R. rhipicephali. 84 maned wolf serum samples were in serology for Ehrlichia canis and 16 were positive. In molecular tests was detected and confirmed the presence of H. canis, H. felis and R. parkeri had already been described for the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts tested in the study. This is also the first report of Candidatus R. andeanae and Candidatus Midichloria mitocondrii in A. tigrinu

Carrapatos (Acari: Ixodidae) em mamíferos silvestres do Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra e arredores, Minas Gerais, Brasil

O presente estudo relata ixodídeos em mamíferos silvestres no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra e arredores, no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. De julho de 2005 a junho de 2014, foram coletadas 58 larvas, 133 ninfas e 43 carrapatos adultos em 40 eventos de captura de mamíferos de vida livre do Parque e arredores. Nos hospedeiros da ordem Carnivora, foram identificados Amblyomma ovale Koch, 1844, Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, 1888, Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844, Dermacentor nitens Neumann, 1897 e Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888). Em hospedeiros da ordem Xenarthra, foram identificados espécimes de Amblyomma pseudoconcolor Aragão, 1908 e A. sculptum. Este estudo relata os primeiros registros dos ixodídeos D. nitens e R. microplus parasitando Lycalopex vetulus, e A. ovale em Leopardus tigrinus no país. Os achados do presente estudo indicam a proximidade entre os animais domésticos e silvestres causada pela expansão agropecuária no território brasileir

Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Neotropical Wild Carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora): At the Top of the T. cruzi Transmission Chain

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-19T13:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1914 bytes, checksum: 7d48279ffeed55da8dfe2f8e81f3b81f (MD5) fabiana_rocha_etal_IOC-2013.pdf: 7997141 bytes, checksum: 4c775f9a5ca87f1b13332fbbeff45911 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação, TRÍADE. Recife, PE, Brasil / Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, PCMC. Araguari, MG, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação. Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.Instituto de Pesquisas Cananéia (IPeC). Programa de Pesquisa em Vida Selvagem/Projeto Carnívoros. Cananéia, SP, Brasil.Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, PCMC. Araguari, MG, Brasil / Universidade Federal de Goiás. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Catalão, GO, Brasil.Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, PCMC. Araguari, MG, Brasil.Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, PCMC. Araguari, MG, Brasil / Universidade de São Paulo.Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Animal . São Paulo, SP, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Católica Dom Bosco - UCDB. Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Pantanal. Laboratório de Vida Selvagem. Corumbá, MS, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Little is known on the role played by Neotropical wild carnivores in the Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles. We investigated T. cruzi infection in wild carnivores from three sites in Brazil through parasitological and serological tests. The seven carnivore species examined were infected by T. cruzi, but high parasitemias detectable by hemoculture were found only in two Procyonidae species. Genotyping by Mini-exon gene, PCR-RFLP (1f8/Akw21I) and kDNA genomic targets revealed that the raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) harbored TcI and the coatis (Nasua nasua) harbored TcI, TcII, TcIII-IV and Trypanosoma rangeli, in single and mixed infections, besides four T. cruzi isolates that displayed odd band patterns in the Mini-exon assay. These findings corroborate the coati can be a bioaccumulator of T. cruzi Discrete Typing Units (DTU) and may act as a transmission hub, a connection point joining sylvatic transmission cycles within terrestrial and arboreal mammals and vectors. Also, the odd band patterns observed in coatis’ isolates reinforce that T. cruzi diversity might be much higher than currently acknowledged. Additionally, we assembled our data with T. cruzi infection on Neotropical carnivores’ literature records to provide a comprehensive analysis of the infection patterns among distinct carnivore species, especially considering their ecological traits and phylogeny. Altogether, fifteen Neotropical carnivore species were found naturally infected by T. cruzi. Species diet was associated with T. cruzi infection rates, supporting the hypothesis that predator-prey links are important mechanisms for T. cruzi maintenance and dispersion in the wild. Distinct T. cruzi infection patterns across carnivore species and study sites were notable. Musteloidea species consistently exhibit high parasitemias in different studies which indicate their high infectivity potential. Mesocarnivores that feed on both invertebrates and mammals, including the coati, a host that can be bioaccumulator of T. cruzi DTU’s, seem to take place at the top of the T. cruzi transmission chain

<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Infection in Neotropical Wild Carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora): At the Top of the <i>T. cruzi</i> Transmission Chain

<div><p>Little is known on the role played by Neotropical wild carnivores in the <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> transmission cycles. We investigated <i>T. cruzi</i> infection in wild carnivores from three sites in Brazil through parasitological and serological tests. The seven carnivore species examined were infected by <i>T. cruzi</i>, but high parasitemias detectable by hemoculture were found only in two Procyonidae species. Genotyping by Mini-exon gene, PCR-RFLP (1f8/Akw21I) and kDNA genomic targets revealed that the raccoon (<i>Procyon cancrivorus</i>) harbored TcI and the coatis (<i>Nasua nasua</i>) harbored TcI, TcII, TcIII-IV and <i>Trypanosoma rangeli</i>, in single and mixed infections, besides four <i>T. cruzi</i> isolates that displayed odd band patterns in the Mini-exon assay. These findings corroborate the coati can be a bioaccumulator of <i>T. cruzi</i> Discrete Typing Units (DTU) and may act as a transmission hub, a connection point joining sylvatic transmission cycles within terrestrial and arboreal mammals and vectors. Also, the odd band patterns observed in coatis’ isolates reinforce that <i>T. cruzi</i> diversity might be much higher than currently acknowledged. Additionally, we assembled our data with <i>T. cruzi</i> infection on Neotropical carnivores’ literature records to provide a comprehensive analysis of the infection patterns among distinct carnivore species, especially considering their ecological traits and phylogeny. Altogether, fifteen Neotropical carnivore species were found naturally infected by <i>T. cruzi</i>. Species diet was associated with <i>T. cruzi</i> infection rates, supporting the hypothesis that predator-prey links are important mechanisms for <i>T. cruzi</i> maintenance and dispersion in the wild. Distinct <i>T. cruzi</i> infection patterns across carnivore species and study sites were notable. Musteloidea species consistently exhibit high parasitemias in different studies which indicate their high infectivity potential. Mesocarnivores that feed on both invertebrates and mammals, including the coati, a host that can be bioaccumulator of <i>T. cruzi</i> DTU’s, seem to take place at the top of the <i>T. cruzi</i> transmission chain.</p></div

Neotropical wild carnivores naturally infected by <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> from this study (in bold) and literature records.

<p>Footnotes:</p><p>(−) Not available.</p><p>Serological test: IFAT - Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody Test.</p><p>Parasitological tests: Hemoculture, xenodiagnosis or fresh blood examination.</p>a<p>We adopted Wilson & Reeder <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067463#pone.0067463-Wilson1" target="_blank">[90]</a> for taxonomic reference; thus, host species names reported in this table not always correspond to the original paper.</p>b<p>Positive/Total number of examined (% positive).</p><p>Countries: AR – Argentine, BR – Brazil, CL – Chile, CO – Colombia.</p>c<p>Current nomenclatural consensus as Discrete Typing Units (DTU) following Zingales et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067463#pone.0067463-Zingales1" target="_blank">[7]</a>. Original classification and equivalence to currently grouping scheme. <i>^c1</i>TCIIc = TcIII; <i>^c2</i> TcII (Mini-exon gene) = TcII/TcV/TcVI, <i>^c3</i> Z3 = TcIII/TcIV.</p

<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> infection in Neotropical wild carnivores and the proportion of invertebrates in species’ diet.

<p>Infection rate (total examined/total positive*100) was determined by IFAT - Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody Test. Studies sites were Pantanal – Mato Grosso do Sul State, Araguari - Minas Gerais State/Cumari – Goiás State and Serra da Canastra National Park (SCNP) – Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The data set included samples collected on this study (filled symbols) and from the same studies sites previously published by our group. Species’ diets were retrieved from the literature (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067463#pone.0067463.s002" target="_blank">Table S1</a>). The fitted linear regression (F(1,9): 14.9; r² = 0.62, p = 0.004) is represented by the solid line (y = 0.73x+24). Dashed lines indicate the confidence intervals at 95%.</p

Spatial distribution of free-ranging carnivore species examined for <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> infection in Brazil.

<p>(A) Pantanal - Mato Grosso do Sul State (MS), (B) Serra da Canastra National Park (SCNP) and its surroundings - Minas Gerais State (MG), (C1) Araguari – Minas Gerais State (MG) and (C2) Cumari – Goiás State (GO). Geometric symbols represent carnivore species, according to the figure legend. In the upper left figure the black contour shows the study sites within respective States in Brazil.</p

<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> infection assessment of wild carnivores from three study sites in Brazil and ecological data.

<p>Footnotes:</p><p>IFAT - Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody Test.</p>a<p>Positive/Total number of examined (% positive).</p>b<p>Positive female/male.</p><p>Species diet (C - carnivorous; F-frugivorous; I-insectivorous; PM proportion of mammals; PI proportion of invertebrates).</p><p>Activity (C crepuscular, N nocturnal, D diurnal), strata occurrence (T, terrestrial; S scansorial).</p>c<p>The ecological data was retrieved from the literature.</p