An exploration into the client at the heart of therapy : a qualitative perspective

Over 50 years ago Eysenck challenged the existing base of research into psychotherapy. Since that time, a large number of investigations have been conducted to verify the efficacy of therapy. Recently however, an increasing number of studies have cast new doubts on this research base. Instead of therapy being a function of the therapist, it is now becoming ever more apparent that the client plays a prime role in the therapeutic process. The qualitative studies presented in this paper provide some examples of research that demonstrates that clients are actively involved in their therapy, even making counselling work despite their counsellor. These studies suggest that clients may not experience therapy as beneficially as traditional outcome studies indicate. This raises a new challenge to researchers to more fully explore the client's experience of therapy, a challenge to which qualitative methods of inquiry would appear well suited

A national coastal erosion susceptibility model for Scotland

The upland nature of the Scottish landscape means that much of the social and economic activity has a coastal bias. The importance of the coast is further highlighted by the wide range of ecosystem services that coastal habitats provide. It follows that the threat posed by coastal erosion and flooding has the potential to have a substantial effect on the socioeconomic activity of the whole country. Currently, the knowledge base of coastal erosion is poor and this serves to hinder the current and future management of the coast. To address this knowledge gap, two interrelated models have been developed and are presented here: the Underlying Physical Susceptibility Model (UPSM) and the Coastal Erosion Susceptibility Model (CESM). The UPSM is generated within a GIS at a 50 m2 raster of national coverage, using data relating to ground elevation, rockhead elevation, wave exposure and proximity to the open coast. The CESM moderates the outputs of the UPSM to include the effects of sediment supply and coastal defence data. When validated against locations in Scotland that are currently experiencing coastal erosion, the CESM successfully identifies these areas as having high susceptibility. This allows the UPSM and CESM to be used as tools to identify assets inherently exposed to coastal erosion, areas where coastal erosion may exacerbate coastal flooding, and areas are inherently resilient to erosion, thus allow more efficient and effective management of the Scottish coast

Creating a Model for a Career Planning and Placement Center at Kaskaskia College

Statement of Purpose The primary purpose of this field study was to create a model in the form of a comprehensive career planning and placement program for those individuals served by Kaskaskia Community College, District No. 501. Besides students cur rently enrolled, those who are temporary dropouts and return, early semester leavers, adults in the community and other individuals who could benefit from such services will be encouraged to make use of the facilities and personnel available. While there has always been some type of placement activities taking place in the public schools in·the past, for the most part they have not been directed toward the vocational or the community college student. Today educators are realizing that a more comprehensive school-based placement service is needed. Such a service would not curtail what is currently being done, but would provide service for the total student body and would involve the administrators, counselors, teachers, students, parents, and employers. Some educators have even gone so for as to state that a comprehensive placement center at the community college level would help to decrease the national and state unemployment rate by seeking part-time employment for needy students as well as for graduates in the area for which they were trained or in a related area. The territory to be served demonstrated an unemployment rate of eleven percent as late as August, 1983, according to U. S. Department of Labor Statistics. It is expected to remain at that level. Several small industries are expanding but even more are abandoning the area. Much employment has revolved around the railroad industry. That facet has become almost non-existent. Youth unemployment, specifically, has been extremely high. The most recent percentage is thirteen and eight-tenths. These figures are specifically higher than the national average. Thus, the study was deemed necessary, relevant, and appropriate. Procedure Because the researcher is a vocational counselor for Kaskaskia College, District No. 501, he has used the needs of his area for developing a model to help alleviate the unemployment of college-aged youth, former students, and other people in the community who avail themselves of this service. It can be adapted as a reference or guide for other geographical areas. Chapter I introduces the problem and explains its importance, defining the terms necessary for understanding and creating a career planning and placement center. The objective of adequate employment, backed by a community college with comprehensive career planning and a workable placement center, is realized. Chapter II overviews the literature. Laws, previous studies and governmental and industrial statistics have been considered. Current findings are vital to this project. Chapter III includes the initiation of a career center for planning and placement. Data have been collected and evaluated. A model was designed from the research. A guide has been created, accompanied by the writer\u27s findings in three separate works: Directory of the Career Planning Center; Career Placement Handbook for Kaskaskia College; and Credentials for Career Placement. A brief review, summary, and recommendations conclude the paper in Chapter IV

Can the natural turf pitch affect injury risk and performance within elite football?

Abstract Historically, natural turf has been the pitch of choice within elite English football. However, its susceptibility to both climatic variation and footfall affecting its hardness, catalyzed the development of more robust, hybrid natural turf pitches. Despite such evolution, stakeholders continue to question the role hardness plays regarding injury on such natural turf. Unfortunately, the literature is scarce and lacks objective measures of pitch hardness providing no evidence to support or refute these concerns. Thus, the primary aim of this thesis was to question the role of natural turf hardness in both injury and performance in elite football. The first study (Chapter 3) established that 87% of stakeholders within football perceived pitch hardness to be a major injury risk. Relative risk to specific tissues was perceived to be dependent upon the surface namely hard pitches affecting joint/tendons whilst soft pitches increased risk of ligamentous and ligament strains. The second study (chapter 4) developed the necessary methodological procedures for the objective evaluation of pitch hardness. The study proposed the use of a portable and practical objective measure of hardness (Clegg Hammer 2.25kg), evaluated its reliability and formulated a protocol for its use. This new protocol was then used within the remaining chapters to evaluate the pitch hardness. Chapter 5 established the temporal and spatial variation of natural turf, over eight football seasons, showing pitches have become harder. Such was the variation in hardness that over 23% of pitch exposures fell outside of UEFA’s recommendations. It also established for the first time that the new hybrid natural turfs are significantly harder but less variable than native soil. The novel findings of chapter 6 showed that injury incidence, injury burden and even the type of tissue at risk may be related to the hardness of the natural turf pitch. It also demonstrated that the type of hybrid pitches carry their own injury profile. The final pitch hardness manipulation study (chapter 7), the first of its kind, provided insight into how such surface hardness affects external and internal loads experienced by players. In summary, this thesis has taken the first step towards exploring how the hardness of natural turf pitches could be viewed as a risk factor for injury within elite football. The novel design and methodology enabled detailed investigation of how natural turf pitches are changing and affecting both injury and performance. Profiles of injury, and technical and physical performance measures, were found to be dependent upon relative surface hardness. These findings provide clarity to those working within the applied setting enabling stakeholders to maximize player performance, whilst mitigating injury risk

Research Notes : Canada : On the response of the Rpsl-b allele to race 17 of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. Glycinea

The first report of the interaction between race 17 of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea (Pmg) and the Rpsl-b allele was made by Keeling (1982) in his initial report on this race. Keeling (1982) reported that \u27Sanga\u27 (Rpsl-b) gave a resistant response to race 17, but that PI 171442 (Rps3) and \u27Tracy\u27, which possesses the Rpsl-b and Rps3 alleles (Athow et al., 1979), gave a susceptible response. The relative responses of Tracy and Sanga were unexpected, since, in all cases studied to date, an Rps allele for resistance is epistatic to Rps alleles for susceptibility at any loci (e.g., Athow et al., 1980; Layton et al., 1984; Ploper et al., 1985; Athow et al., 1986)

Improving Multiclass Text Classification with the Support Vector Machine

We compare Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines on the task of multiclass text classification. Using a variety of approaches to combine the underlying binary classifiers, we find that SVMs substantially outperform Naive Bayes. We present full multiclass results on two well-known text data sets, including the lowest error to date on both data sets. We develop a new indicator of binary performance to show that the SVM's lower multiclass error is a result of its improved binary performance. Furthermore, we demonstrate and explore the surprising result that one-vs-all classification performs favorably compared to other approaches even though it has no error-correcting properties