3,159 research outputs found
Intellectual Property and Intra-Community Trade
This Article will use recently decided intellectual property cases and other recent developments in European Community competition law to critically discuss the European Community\u27s traditional and strict pro-free trade approach in intellectual property cases. It will focus in particular on issues relating to the territorial nature of intellectual property rights. Part I of this Article examines the Court\u27s free trade approach in free movement cases involving patent rights. Part II explores patent rights in the context of technology Licensing Agreements, in particular in light of recent antitrust developments concerning vertical restraints. Part III discusses trademark issues. It first considers free movement rules and concludes with a brief discussion of trademark Licensing Agreements and antitrust law
Impedance spectroscopy of ions at liquid-liquid interfaces
The possibility to extract properties of an interface between two immiscible
liquids, e.g., electrolyte solutions or polyelectrolyte multilayers, by means
of impedance spectroscopy is investigated theoretically within a dynamic
density functional theory which is equivalent to the Nernst-Planck-Poisson
theory. A novel approach based on a two-step fitting procedure of an equivalent
circuit to impedance spectra is proposed which allows to uniquely separate bulk
and interfacial elements. Moreover, the proposed method avoids overfitting of
the bulk properties of the two liquids in contact and underfitting of the
interfacial properties, as they might occur for standard one-step procedures.
The key idea is to determine the bulk elements of the equivalent circuit in a
first step by fitting corresponding sub-circuits to the spectra of uniform
electrolyte solutions, and afterwards fitting the full equivalent circuit with
fixed bulk elements to the impedance spectrum containing the interface. This
approach is exemplified for an equivalent circuit which leads to a physically
intuitive qualitative behavior as well as to quantitively realistic values of
the interfacial elements. The proposed method is robust such that it can be
expected to be applicable to a wide class of systems with liquid-liquid
interfaces
Market implied costs of bankruptcy
This paper takes a novel approach to estimating bankruptcy costs by inference from market prices of equity and put options using a dynamic structural model of capital structure. This approach avoids the selection bias of looking at firms in or near default and therefore permits theories of ex ante capital structure determination to be tested. We identify significant cross sectional variation in bankruptcy costs across industries and relate these to specific firm characteristics. We find that asset volatility and growth options have significant positive impacts, while tangibility and size have negative impacts. Our bankruptcy cost variable estimate significantly negatively impacts leverage ratios. This negative impact is in addition to that of other firm characteristics such as asset intangibility and asset volatility. The results provide strong support for the tradeoff theory of capital structure
Electrolyte solutions at curved electrodes. I. Mesoscopic approach
Within the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) approach electrolytes in contact with
planar, spherical, and cylindrical electrodes are analyzed systematically. The
dependences of their capacitance on the surface charge density and
the ionic strength are examined as function of the wall curvature. The
surface charge density has a strong effect on the capacitance for small
curvatures whereas for large curvatures the behavior becomes independent of
. An expansion for small curvatures gives rise to capacitance
coefficients which depend only on a single parameter, allowing for a convenient
analysis. The universal behavior at large curvatures can be captured by an
analytic expression.Comment: accepted for publication in the Journal of Chemical Physic
Discovery of two bright DO-type white dwarfs
We discovered two bright DO-type white dwarfs, GALEXJ053628.3+544854
(J0536+5448) and GALEX231128.0+292935(J2311+2929), which rank among the eight
brightest DO-type white dwarfs known. Our non-LTE model atmosphere analysis
reveals effective temperatures and surface gravities of
and
for J0536+5448 and and for J2311+2929. The latter shows a significant amount
of carbon in its atmosphere (, by mass), while for
J0536+5448 we could derive only an upper limit of . Furthermore, we
calculated spectroscopic distances for the two stars and found a good agreement
with the distances derived from the Gaia parallaxes.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
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