A comprehensive review: SnO2 for photovoltaic and gas sensor applications

184-193Tin oxide is remarkable material in today’s research era due to its unique properties in electrical and optical fields. Due to its wide band gap (3.6 eV), it has been used as a core material in many important applications in the field of optoelectronics, spintronics, photovoltaic, thin-film transistors, photocatalysis, dielectrics, sensors and transparent electronic devices. Thin film technology provides many advantages towards photovoltaic area which includes low cost, less material and energy consumption and easy to access. Fabrication of photovoltaic cells by SnO2 thin films can open the different technological routes for future generation with excellent conversion efficiencies which may range 15% to 20%. It is one of the best candidates for gas sensor applications too with highest sensitivity and selectivity behavior, good oxidizing power, strong chemical bonding, non toxicity and unique transport properties. Tin oxide thin films with various combinations of materials can be synthesized by chemical and physical routes. The detailed advancement in various preparation methods and characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have been presented and discussed by authors. Characteristics measurement by Valence Band Structure, Photoluminence Intensity and Scanning Electron Microscope has been also reported with their performance, effect of solar energy conversion efficiency and quick response time in case of gas sensors. Prospective areas of SnO2 research for photovoltaic and gas sensor applications has been discussed and summarized by the authors. The obtained results will illustrate the possibilities of scheming Physical, chemical, magnetic and optical properties of SnO2 for sensing devices and photovoltaic applications

YOGA PRACTICE HELPS IN SPORT AND GAMES

Yoga is a profound system of holistic health which originated in India over 5,000 years ago. It was first put into written form as the Yoga Sutras by Patanjali

A comprehensive review: SnO2 for photovoltaic and gas sensor applications

Tin oxide is remarkable material in today’s research era due to its unique properties in electrical and optical fields. Due to its wide band gap (3.6 eV), it has been used as a core material in many important applications in the field of optoelectronics, spintronics, photovoltaic, thin-film transistors, photocatalysis, dielectrics, sensors and transparent electronic devices. Thin film technology provides many advantages towards photovoltaic area which includes low cost, less material and energy consumption and easy to access. Fabrication of photovoltaic cells by SnO2 thin films can open the different technological routes for future generation with excellent conversion efficiencies which may range 15% to 20%. It is one of the best candidates for gas sensor applications too with highest sensitivity and selectivity behavior, good oxidizing power, strong chemical bonding, non toxicity and unique transport properties. Tin oxide thin films with various combinations of materials can be synthesized by chemical and physical routes. The detailed advancement in various preparation methods and characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have been presented and discussed by authors. Characteristics measurement by Valence Band Structure, Photoluminence Intensity and Scanning Electron Microscope has been also reported with their performance, effect of solar energy conversion efficiency and quick response time in case of gas sensors. Prospective areas of SnO2 research for photovoltaic and gas sensor applications has been discussed and summarized by the authors. The obtained results will illustrate the possibilities of scheming Physical, chemical, magnetic and optical properties of SnO2 for sensing devices and photovoltaic applications

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Not AvailableTo understand the soil health under continuous cultivation after using organic and chemical inputs, a survey was conducted under Uttarakhand, Navdanya farm areas, where farmers was selected who were practicing both chemical and organic inputs under different crops at least more than 5 years. The effect of most important crops growing under Uttarakhand i.e wheat, potato, garlic, mustard, chick pea, chilli and pumpkin was taken into consideration. The results clearly suggested that a significant decline in most important soil enzyme activities like dehydrogenase, esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase under chemical farming as compared to organic farming. The microbial population especially fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, azotobacter and nitrosomonas was significantly higher under organic farming areas than chemical farming. The results clearly showed that organic farming has a great role to maintain excellent microbial and enzyme activities resulted better soil health status.Not Availabl

Community Based Study Of Self Reported Morbidity Of Reproductive Tract Among Women Of Reproductive Age In Rural Area Of Rajasthan

Research questions: What is the prevalence of morbidity of reproductive tract among women in a rural area of Rajasthan? Objectives: 1. To assess the load of reproductive morbidity among the rural women. 2. To study the association of potential risk factors with reproductive tract infection. Study design: Cross-sectional. Setting: A village of Bikaner (rural western Rajasthan). Participants: 1044 rural women aged 15-45. Study period: June 2000 to October 2000. Statistical analysis: Percentages and Chi square test. Results: The prevalence of self reported morbidity related to reproductive tracts was 31.8% and reproductive tract infections (RTIs) was 22.3%. Only 12.5% of symptomatic women consulted health personnel for their illness before this survey. Prevalence of RTIs was significantly associated with age, married life, gravida status, invasive contraceptives, gynaecological surgical interventions and type of family. Conclusion: There was a moderately high prevalence of self reported morbidity of reproductive tract, whereas, treatment seeking behavior was low. Many factors were found to be associated with RTIs

Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsins by drugs targeting HIV-1 protease: A way forward for antimalarial drug discovery

Plasmodium species are causative agents of malaria, a disease that is a serious global health concern. FDA-approved HIV-1 protease inhibitors (HIV-1 PIs) have been reported to be effective in reducing the infection by Plasmodium parasites in the population co-infected with both HIV-1 and malaria. However, the mechanism of HIV-1 PIs in mitigating Plasmodium pathogenesis during malaria/HIV-1 co-infection is not fully understood. In this study we demonstrate that HIV-1 drugs ritonavir (RTV) and lopinavir (LPV) exhibit the highest inhibition activity against plasmepsin II (PMII) and plasmepsin X (PMX) of P. falciparum. Crystal structures of the complexes of PMII with both drugs have been determined. The inhibitors interact with PMII via multiple hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The P4 moiety of RTV forms additional interactions compared to LPV and exhibits conformational flexibility in a large S4 pocket of PMII. Our study is also the first to report inhibition of P. falciparum PMX by RTV and the mode of binding of the drug to the PMX active site. Analysis of the crystal structures implies that PMs can accommodate bulkier groups of these inhibitors in their S4 binding pockets. Structurally similar active sites of different vacuolar and non-vacuolar PMs suggest the potential of HIV-1 PIs in targeting these enzymes with differential affinities. Our structural investigations and biochemical data emphasize PMs as crucial targets for repurposing HIV-1 PIs as antimalarial drugs

Construction of phenoxazine rings containing nitro and sulfonic acid groups leading to phenoxazine-3-sulfonamide derivatives: Their evaluation as novel and potential insulin secretagogues

A series of N-(alkyl/aryl/heteroaryl)-1-nitro-10H-phenoxazine-3- sulfonamides was designed, synthesized and evaluated for its hypoglycemic, hyperglycemic and oral anti-diabetic activities. These compounds were prepared via the construction of a phenoxazine ring containing nitro and sulfonic acid groups in a single step followed by further transformations. One of these compounds exhibited promising anti-diabetic activities comparable to glibenclamide and increased serum insulin levels indicating its potential as a novel insulin secretagogue. This journal i