Csp spatial transformation programme : key findings

Papers presented virtually at the 41st International Southern African Transport Conference on 10-13 July 2027Integrated Public Transport Networks (IPTNs) can contribute positively towards spatial transformation. The feasible rate depends on the nature of decisions made by planning agencies, households, and businesses. This presentation demonstrates the key findings from the utilisation of a systems dynamics modelling platform to simulate the dynamic fusion of decisions (and non-decisions) by the various role players who influence the performance of IPTNs, as well as the effect of their decisions on the performance trajectory of IPTNs as spatial transformation instruments in South African cities

Proposed methodology of optimizing the secondary public transport network of a city in demand

Papers presented virtually at the 41st International Southern African Transport Conference on 10-13 July 2072In 2019/20, it was of major importance to identify an alternative network within the Integrated Public Transport Network (IPTN) that can meet the increasing population demands. Being composed of high-capacity corridors, the current IPTN still requires a secondary network to meet day to day transporting needs (City of Joburg, 2019). Since the city's land isn't utilized very densely, the main network only serves a small part of it. Highcapacity modes may service the primary network. The secondary network is necessary to support the primary network. The capacity of the secondary network is far lower than the city's real demand for public transportation. The majority of public transportation journeys cannot be accommodated by the primary network. This is because they are built on roads that don't work as well and aren't good for high-capacity technologies like Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). The secondary network provides services in places where it would be too expensive to set up and run the primary network. The smaller buses and minibus taxis that make up the secondary network have fewer seats. For example, while the primary network requires 365 000 seats during peak hours (assuming a seat utilization rate of 60%), the secondary network requires approximately 2 million seats during peak hours (City of Joburg, 2019). This paper explores using the traveling salesman method to identify and analyze the secondary network that meet the current demands

Using systems dynamics to support a city’s growth and development strategy (gds) : a city of Johannesburg case study

Papers presented virtually at the 41st International Southern African Transport Conference on 10-13 July 2077The Growth and Development Strategy 2040 (GDS2040) envisions a transportation system that contributes to the resilience of the city and breaks the apartheid spatial form. The implementation of a cost-effective, dependable, safe, and efficient mass public transportation system is central to GDS2040. To this end, the GDS2040 states that "by the year 2040, the City will be pedestrian- and public transportation-oriented." According to GDS2040, this will manifest as reduced reliance on private automobile travel, decreased greenhouse gas emissions, and increased inclusiveness. The GDS2040 also acknowledges that transport solutions can only be effective if they are incorporated into a broader set of solutions that includes improved spatial planning, intergovernmental relations, and enhanced state capacity. This paper investigates the use of system dynamics to model the city's transportation system in support of GDS2040 to bring about a sustainable transport system

Efficacy of SAT2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines Formulated with Montanide ISA 206B and Quil-A Saponin Adjuvants

The effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) relies strongly on the separation of susceptible and infected livestock or susceptible livestock and persistently infected wildlife, vaccination, and veterinary sanitary measures. Vaccines affording protection against multiple serotypes for longer than six months and that are less reliant on the cold chain during handling are urgently needed for the effective control of FMD in endemic regions. Although much effort has been devoted to improving the immune responses elicited through the use of modern adjuvants, their efficacy is dependent on the formulation recipe, target species and administration route. Here we compared and evaluated the efficacy of two adjuvant formulations in combination with a structurally stabilized SAT2 vaccine antigen, designed to have improved thermostability, antigen shelf-life and longevity of antibody response. Protection mediated by the Montanide ISA 206B-adjuvanted or Quil-A Saponin-adjuvanted SAT2 vaccines were comparable. The Montanide ISA 206B-adjuvanted vaccine elicited a higher SAT2 neutralizing antibody response and three times higher levels of systemic IFN-γ responses at 14- and 28-days post-vaccination (dpv) were observed compared to the Quil-A Saponin-adjuvanted vaccine group. Interestingly, serum antibodies from the immunized animals reacted similarly to the parental vaccine virus and viruses containing mutations in the VP2 protein that simulate antigenic drift in nature