General guidelines for designing bilingual low cost digital library services suitable for special library users in developing countries and the Arabic speaking world

The World is witnessing a considerable transformation from print based-formats to elec-tronic-based formats thanks to advanced computing technology, which has a profound impact on the dissemination of nearly all previous formats of publications into digital formats on computer networks. Text, still and moving images, sound tracks, music, and almost all known formats can be stored and retrieved on computer magnetic disk. Over the last two decades, a number of special libraries and information centres in the Arab world have introduced electronic resources into their library services. Very few have implemented automated and integrated systems. Despite the im-portance of designing digital libraries not merely for accessing to or retrieval of information but rather for the provision of electronic services, hardly any special library has started the design of digital library services. Managers of special libraries and information centres in developing countries in general and in the Arab world in particular should start building their local digital libraries, as the benefit of establishing such electronic services is considerably massive and well known for expansion of re-search activities and for delivering services that satisfy the needs of targeted end-users. The aim of this paper is to provide general guideline for design of special low cost digital library providing ser-vices that are most frequently required by various categories of special library users in developing countries. This paper also aims at illustrating strategies and method approaches that can be adopted for building such projects. Seeing the importance of designing an inexpensive digital li-brary as basic principle for the design accordingly, the utilisation of today's ICTs and freely avail-able open sources software is the right path for accomplishing such goal. The paper intends to de-scribe the phases and stages required for building such projects from scratch. It also aims at high-lighting the barriers and obstacles facing Arabic content and how could such problems overcome

Developing information services for special library users by designing a low cost digital library : the experiment of NOC-Digital Library

This research originates from a belief that special libraries in developing countries need to modernise and implement their ICT infrastructure and articulate information policies that will facilitate the exploitation of information resources to the optimum to increase national productivity. Special libraries and information centres in developing countries in general and in the Arab world in particular should start building their local digital libraries, as the benefit of establishing such electronic services is considerably massive and well known for expansion of research activities and for delivering services that satisfy the needs of targeted users. The aim of this paper is to provide general guideline for design a low cost digital library providing services that are most frequently required by various categories of special library users in developing countries. This paper also aims at illustrating strategies and method approaches that can be adopted for building such projects. The paper intends to describe the phases and stages implemented for building a low cost digital library services for the NOC. It also aims at highlighting the barriers and obstacles facing Arabic content in the digitization stage

Prehistory to 1250: Languages

The Hemic group includes the Egyptian and Coptic languages, the Libyan and Barbarian languages, the Koshtia languages, and the languages of the original inhabitants of the eastern part of Africa. [excerpt

Judicial Activism of the Shari\u27ah Appeals Court in Israel (1994 - 2001): Rise and Crisis

The main thesis of this Article is that after 1994, with the nomination of new qadis to the Shari‘ah Court, a process of judicial activism began, which continues until this day. This process has been characterized by the qadis\u27 attempts to strengthen the position of the Shari‘ah Appeals Court. In some fields the qadis\u27 activism has been more successful than in others. Recently however, it seems that the Shari‘ah system is undergoing a crisis. The author will analyze the actions of the Shari‘ah Appeals Court on several parallel levels: (1) the strengthening of its position compared with those of the civil courts and the regional Shari‘ah Courts; and (2) a symbolic strengthening of its position in relation to (i) Israeli Law; (ii) the litigants and their attorneys; and (iii) the Muslim public. The author will then analyze the current crisis of the Shari‘ah system and the need for reform. The author will focus upon the internal dynamics of the Shari‘ah Court of Appeals, the interaction of its different actors, and suggest reforms to be made that will strengthen the legitimacy of its position in relation to the State of Israel and with the Muslim populous. Before proceeding to the analysis, however, some background regarding the religious Muslim world in Israel is necessary

Study on thermal model for calculating transformer hot Spot temperature

A power transformer is a static piece of apparatus with two or more windings which, by electromagnetic induction, transforms a system of alternating voltage and current into another system of voltage and current usually of different values and at same frequency for the purpose of transmitting electrical power. The hot spot temperature depends on instantaneous load and ambient temperature, winding design and also cooling model. There are two possible methods for hotspot temperature determination. The first method is to measure the hot spot temperature using a fiber optic, and other is to calculation the hotspot temperature using transformer thermal models. It was noticed that the hot spot temperature rise over top oil temperature due to load changes is a function depending on time as well as the transformer loading (overshoot time dependent function). It has also been noticed that the top oil temperature time constant is shorter than the time constant suggested by the present IEC loading guide, especially in cases where the oil is guided through the windings in a zigzag pattern for the ONAN and ONAF cooling modes. This results in winding hottest spot temperatures higher than those predicted by the loading guides during transient states after the load current increases, before the corresponding steady states have been reached. This thesis presents more accurate temperature calculation methods taking into account the findings mentioned above. The models are based on heat transfer theory, application of the lumped capacitance method, the thermal-electrical analogy and definition of nonlinear thermal resistances at different locations within a power transformer. The methods presented in this thesis take into account all oil physical parameters change and loss variation with temperature. In addition, the proposed equations are used to estimate the equivalent thermal capacitances of the transformer oil for different transformer designs and winding-oil circulations. The models are validated using experimental results, which have been obtained from the normal heat run test performed by the transformer manufacturer at varying load current on a 250-MVA-ONAFcooled unit, a 400-MVA-ONAF-cooled unit and a 2500-KVA-ONAN-cooled unit. The results are also compared with the IEC 60076-7:2005 loading guide method. Keywords: power transformers, hot spot temperature, top oil temperature, non-linear therma

Almost dual pairs and definable classes of modules

Holm (H. Holm, Modules with cosupport and injective functors, Algebr. Represent. Theor., 13 (2010), 543-560) considers categories of right modules dual to those with support in a set of finitely presented modules. We extend some of his results by placing them in the context of elementary duality on definable subcategorie

EFEKTIVITAS KERJA PEGAWAI BIDANG KEPEGAWAIAN PADA BADAN PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN DAERAH KOTA PALU

This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the Employee Effectiveness of Staff in the Regional Research and Development Agency of the City of Palu. The theory used as a reference is the theory of Work Effectiveness from Richard M. Steers. The basis of this research is qualitative with descriptive type of research. The techniques used in data collection are field observations, in-depth interviews and documentation. Then the data and interview results obtained were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. Research location in the Regional Research and Development Agency of the City of Palu. Research informants were 5 (five) employees with data sources including primary data and secondary data. The results showed that in looking at the effectiveness of employee performance in the field of staffing at the Regional Research and Development Agency of the City of Palu can be seen from 3 aspects, namely aspects of adaptability, aspects of work performance and aspects of job satisfaction where overall employee performance in the Employment Agency and Regional Development of Palu City has been effective. From the aspect of adaptability, employees have been able to adjust themselves, able to create communication and be able to create good cooperation. From the aspect of work performance employees have also been effective, where employees have been able to carry out their duties skillfully, with good skills, and discipline in completing tasks, employees are also supported by the ability to operate computers well, have a good personality and are responsible. Whereas when viewed from the aspect of employee job satisfaction it can also be said to be effective, where employees have felt fair in assessing and giving their work by the leadership, feeling comfortable with the work environment, and employees also feeling that they have had the opportunity to advance and improve