13 research outputs found

    Relationship between Body Condition Score, Milk Yield, Reproduction, and Biochemical Parameters in Dairy Cows

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    Blood indicators are used as a tool to diagnose metabolic disorders. The present review aims to study the relationships between body condition score, milk yield, and reproduction and biochemical parameters in dairy cows. Live weight and body condition are indicators for dairy cow’s health, milk productivity, and reproduction. Therefore, many authors investigated the effect of body condition score at calving and of change in body condition score on productive and reproductive performance, on lactation curve parameters, and on postpartum disease occurrence. Moreover, results showed that the cows calving at the highest body condition score lost more subcutaneous fat; condition score change did not exceed 1.05 units. Change in body condition score was positively associated with peak and total milk production. In addition, the decline in dairy reproductive performance may be due to a hampered process of metabolic adaptation. Adaptation to the negative energy balance is a gradual process. The use of risk factors is more appropriate and discussed. Among them are the body condition score and its derivatives, feed intake, the calculated negative energy balance, and metabolic parameters like the plasma concentration of insulin or the triacylglycerol content in the liver. Moreover, factors that play a role in the link between declined reproductive performance and the metabolic situation of the cow during lactating are discussed

    Le stress thermique chez la vache laitière Holstein de Tunisie: effets sur les performances de production

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    Cette étude visait à évaluer l’effet du stress thermique subis par les vaches laitières Holstein en Tunisie. Les données de contrôles laitiers : PL, MG, MP et le SCS collectés entre 2013 et 2019 chez 947 vaches dans 23 troupeaux ont été combinées avec un THI calculé à partir des données météorologiques enregistrées entre 2013 et 2019. Le modèle non linéaire de Wood a été appliqué à la modélisation de la courbe de lactation. L’analyse de la variance a été appliquée pour tester les effets de trois niveaux de THI (THI>72; 6872) sur la production de lait, sa composition et les paramètres de la courbe de lactation. Les résultats ont montré des pertes dues au stress thermique. Une diminution du rendement en lait et du pourcentage de matières grasses et de protéines a été signalée. Ainsi, les rendements en matières grasses et en protéines ont eu tendance à diminuer régulièrement avec l’augmentation des valeurs de THI. Le rendement laitier variait de 17,882 ± 0,064 (68 72), le pourcentage de matières grasses et de protéines variait de 3,551 ± 0,041 à 3,449 ± 0,026 et de 3,246 ± 0,031 à 3,113 ± 0,029 % pour 68 72, respectivement. Les modèles de score somatique ont été marqués par une augmentation (de 4,143 à 4,358) aux plages les plus élevées de THI> 72, et des valeurs diminuées (de 4,143 à 3,857) aux plages les plus basses de THI. L’effet du THI était très significatif (P <0,05) pour tous les paramètres de la courbe de lactation et du rendement laitier. Les rendements laitiers de pointe les plus élevés et le rendement total le plus élevé de 305 jours de lactation (Y305) ont été atteints par des vaches exposées au THI entre 68 et 72

    Calcul sur les grands nombres et VLSI : application au PGCD, au PGCD étendu et à la distance euclidienne

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    Dans le cadre de cette thèse nous avons étudie l'implantation des algorithmes de l'arithmétique en ligne. En particulier, la réalisation de deux circuits destines aux applications exigeant une précision infinie est exposée. En effet, dans de nombreux domaines tels que la génération de nombres aléatoires, cryptographie, calcul formel, arithmétique exacte, réduction de fraction en précision infinie, calcul modulaire, traitement d'images..., les opérateurs classiques manquent d'efficacité. Face a ce type de problèmes, un remède peut être apporte par le calcul en ligne selon lequel les calculs sont faits en introduisant les opérandes en série chiffre a chiffre en notation redondante. Nous obtenons ainsi un haut degré de parallélisme et une précision variable linéairement. Le premier circuit présenté implante un algorithme de pgcd nomme Euclide offrant, d'après les simulations, le meilleur compromis cout matériel/performance. Il donne également les coefficients de Bezout. Ce circuit est appelé a résoudre les problèmes lies au temps de calcul du pgcd par les méthodes classiques rencontrées dans beaucoup d'applications. Une deuxième application montre la possibilité de fusionner des opérateurs en ligne afin d'obtenir un opérateur complexe. L'exemple traite dans cette thèse est celui de la distance euclidienne: z=x#2+y#2 utilisée, entre autres, pour la resolution du moindre carre des systèmes linéaire

    Milk production of imported heifers and Tunisian-born Holstein cows

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    peer reviewedTest day (TD) records of milk, fat and protein yields and somatic cell scores (SCS) were studied in Holstein cows in Tunisia. There were 43114, 32923 and 24633 lactation records collected on first, second and third parity cows between 1992 and 2004 in 182 herds. Records were of cows born in Tunisia (22000 cows) and those imported from Europe (10830 cows) and North America (850 cows). Variation of total days in milk (DIM) per lactation was studied in function of the herd, calving year x calving season interaction and the origin of the cow. Test-day records were analyzed using a linear model that included calving year x calving season and herd x test-day date interactions, calving season, calving year and origin of the cow. The effective length of lactation was affected by all factors included in the model (p0.05). Cows born in Tunisia seemed to perform better than imported cows in the first lactation while imported cows showed clearly better performances in later lactations. North American cows produced the highest yields and had the lowest SCS among all cows in the second and third lactations. Imported high producing cows seemed able to adjust to Tunisian management conditions following their first lactation

    The relationship of temperature-humidity index with milk production of dairy cows in a Mediterranean climate

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    Two experiments were conducted using lactating Friesian-Holstein cows to measure the effects of heat stress, using temperature-humidity index (THI), on milk production, milk composition and dry matter intake (DMI) under the Mediterranean climate. These trials were carried out in two periods differing in average THI values (68 ±\pm 3.75 vs. 78 ±\pm 3.23 for the spring and summer periods, respectively). Daily THI was negatively correlated to milk yield (r = -0.76) and feed intake (r = -0.24). When the THI value increased from 68 to 78, milk production decreased by 21% and DMI by 9.6%. Milk yield decreased by 0.41 kg per cow per day for each point increase in the THI values above 69. Milk fat (3.24 vs. 3.58%) and milk protein (2.88 vs. 2.96%) were lower for the summer group. THI was positively correlated to respiration rate (RR) (r = 0.89), heart rate (HR) (r = 0.88), rectal temperature (RT) (r = 0.85) and cortisol (0.31), and negatively with free thyroxin (-0.43). As the THI values increased from 68 to 78, RT increased by 0.5 °C, HR by 6 beats, and RR by 5 inspirations per min. The average concentration of cortisol increased from 21.75 to 23.5 nmol⋅\cdotL−1^{-1} (P>0.05P > 0.05), while that of free thyroxin decreased from 15.5 to 14.5 pmol⋅\cdotL−1^{-1}, (P>0.05P > 0.05). Summer heat stress reduced milk yield and DMI, altered milk composition and affected the physiological functions of confined lactating Holstein cows managed under Mediterranean climatic conditions.Relation entre l'index température-humidité et la production laitière chez la vache Frisonne élevée sous un climat méditerranéen. Deux essais ont été menés sur des vaches laitières Frisonne-Holstein pour étudier l'effet du stress thermique sur la production et la composition du lait et sur l'ingestion de la matière sèche sous un climat méditerranéen. Ces essais ont été réalisés en deux périodes qui diffèrent seulement par leurs valeurs d'index température-humidité (THI) (68 ±\pm 3,75 et 78 ±\pm 3,23 pour le printemps et l'été, respectivement). Le THI journalier est négativement corrélé à la production laitière (r = -0,76) et à l'ingestion (r = -0,24). Lorsque la valeur THI est passée de 68 à 78, la production laitière a diminué de 21 % et la matière sèche ingérée de 9,6 %. Pour chaque unité d'augmentation du THI au delà de 69, la production laitière chute de 0,41 kg par vache par jour. Les teneurs du lait en matière grasse (3,24 et 3,58 %) et en protéines (2,88 et 2,96 %) étaient plus faibles (P<0,05P < 0,05) pendant la période estivale. Le THI est positivement corrélé à la température rectale (r = 0,89), aux rythmes cardiaque (r = 0,88) et respiratoire (r = 0,85) et au cortisol (r = 0,31), mais négativement avec la thyroxine libre (r = -0,43). La variation de la valeur THI de 68 à 78 a engendré une augmentation de la température rectale, de la fréquence cardiaque et du rythme respiratoire de 0,5 °C, 6 battements par min et 5 inspirations par min, respectivement. La concentration plasmatique moyenne en cortisol a passé de 21,75 à 23,5 nmol⋅\cdotL−1^{-1} (P>0,05P > 0,05). En revanche, celle de thyroxine libre a diminué de 15,5 à 14,5 pmol⋅\cdotL−1^{-1} (P>0,05P > 0,05). Il a été conclu que le stress thermique estival réduit la production laitière, modifie la composition du lait et affecte les paramètres physiologiques de la vache laitière Frisonne-Holstein élevée en stabulation entravée sous un climat méditerranéen

    Optimal age at first calving for improved milk yield and lengh of productive life in Tunisian Holstein cows

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    peer reviewedThe effects of age at first calving on milk production and true herd life were studied in Tunisian Holstein cows. There were 33,407 first lactation records of cows born between 1987 and 2001 from 166 herds. Firstly, age at first calving was analyzed using an animal model that included herd, calving year, herd-calving year interaction, calving month, and age of dam as fixed effects and the random additive genetic effect. Secondly, differences in first lactation and productive life milk yields and in true herd life were explained by age at first calving in addition to herd, year at first calving, herd-year at first calving interaction and month at first calving. A cow produced on the average 5669.8 kg milk (SD=1812 kg) during a 305-d first lactation period. The lifetime production of a cow was was 19,496.3 kg (SD=12,192 kg) during 3.3 lactations (SD=1.8 lactations). Coefficients of determination ranged from 14% for true herd life to 64% for first lactation milk yield. The mean of true herd life was 38.6 months (SD=24 months) and the mean age at first calving was 28.7 months (SD=3.4 months). Posterior mean of heritability of the age at first calving derived by a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Bayesien method via a Gibbs sampling algorithm was 0.08. The reduction of age at first calving to around 24 months may result in improved 305-d and lifetime yields and a longer herd life in Tunisian Holsteins

    Assessment of Meat-Type Sheep Welfare Using Animal-Based Measures

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    This study aimed to assess the welfare of Tunisian sheep in extensive sheep production systems using animal-based measures of ewe welfare. This study encompasses the first national survey of sheep welfare in which animal-based outcomes were tested. Animal-based welfare measures were derived from previous welfare protocols. Fifty-two Tunisian farms were studied and a number from 20 to 100 animals by flock were examinated. The whole flock was also observed to detect clinical diseases, lameness, and coughing. The human-animal relationship was selected as welfare indicators. It was evaluated through the avoidance distance test. The average avoidance distance was 10.47 ± 1.23 and 8.12 ± 0.97 m for a novel person and farmer, respectively. The global mean of body condition score (BCS) was 2.4 with 47% of ewes having a BCS of two, which may be associated with an increased risk of nutritional stress, disease, and low productivity. Ten farms had more than 7% of lambs with a low body condition score, which may be an indication of a welfare problem. The results obtained in the present study suggest that the used animal-based measures were the most reliable indicators that can be included in welfare protocols for extensive sheep production systems
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