Susceptibility of pecan cultivars to Cladosporium cladosporioides species complex.

Recent studies have observed symptoms of leaf spot in pecan (Carya illinoinensis) associated with species of the Cladosporium cladosporioides complex (C. cladosporioides, C. pseudocladosporioides, and C. subuliforme). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the pathogenicity of these Cladosporium spp. isolated from two pecan cultivars. Twenty-six isolates were used to inoculate leaflets of the cultivars, ?Barton? and ?Shawnee?, with a spore suspension. The suspension was applied through drops on the surface of the leaflets, the material was kept in boxes, ?gerbox?, in the incubation room. After 22 days, leaf spots varied from small circular brown to black stains, which indicated the advancement of the disease. The three Cladosporium sp. were pathogenic to pecan cultivars and there was a difference in susceptibility to C. pseudocladosporioides species between the ?Barton? and ?Shawnee? cultivars, where ?Shawnee? showed greater disease severity

“Some things are not very true”: media consumption and reception of television advertising in childhood

O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar os hábitos de consumo na televisão e a recepção da publicidade dirigida à criança. Após uma discussão teórica sobre publicidade, recepção e infância, operacionalizamos metodologicamente a noção de fluxo publicitário em pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa, realizada por meio de entrevistas com seis crianças. Os resultados revelam hábitos de consumo e práticas de recepção da publicidade televisiva.El objetivo de este estudio es conocer los hábitos de consumo en televisión y la recepción de la publicidad dirigida a los niños. Después de una discusión teórica sobre publicidad, recepción e infancia, utilizamos metodológicamente el concepto de flujo publicitario en una investigación exploratoria y cualitativa, realizada por medio de entrevistas con seis niños. Los resultados demuestran hábitos de consumo y prácticas de la recepción de la publicidad televisiva.This study aims to explore television consumption and reception of advertising addressed to children. After a theoretical discussion about advertising, reception and childhood, we methodologically implemented the concept of advertising flow in an exploratory and qualitative research conducted through interviews with six children. The results show consumption habits and reception practices of television advertising

Identificação e prevenção da sarna da nogueira-pecã na Região Sul do Brasil.

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Comparison between observed children's tooth brushing habits and those reported by mothers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Information bias can occur in epidemiological studies and compromise scientific outcomes, especially when evaluating information given by a patient regarding their own health. The oral habits of children reported by their mothers are commonly used to evaluate tooth brushing practices and to estimate fluoride intake by children. The aim of the present study was to compare observed tooth-brushing habits of young children using fluoridated toothpaste with those reported by mothers.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A sample of 201 mothers and their children (aged 24-48 months) from Montes Claros, Brazil, took part in a cross-sectional study. At day-care centres, the mothers answered a self-administered questionnaire on their child's tooth-brushing habits. The structured questionnaire had six items with two to three possible answers. An appointment was then made with each mother/child pair at day-care centres. The participants were asked to demonstrate the tooth-brushing practice as usually performed at home. A trained examiner observed and documented the procedure. Observed tooth brushing and that reported by mothers were compared for overall agreement using Cohen's Kappa coefficient and the McNemar test.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Cohen's Kappa values comparing mothers' reports and tooth brushing observed by the examiner ranged from poor-to-good (0.00-0.75). There were statistically significant differences between observed tooth brushing habits and those reported by mothers (p < 0.001). When observed by the examiner, the frequencies of dentifrice dispersed on all bristles (35.9%), children who brushed their teeth alone (33.8%) and those who did not rinse their mouths during brushing (42.0%) were higher than those reported by the mothers (12.1%, 18.9% and 6.5%, respectively; p < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In general, there was low agreement between observed tooth brushing and mothers' reports. Moreover, the different methods of estimation resulted in differences in the frequencies of tooth brushing habits, indicative of reporting bias. Data regarding children's tooth-brushing habits as reported by mothers should be considered with caution in epidemiological surveys on fluoridated dentifrice use and the risk of dental fluorosis.</p

Inteligência Artificial: uma aplicação em uma indústria de processo contínuo Artificial Intelligence: an application in a continuous process industry

Este trabalho descreve uma aplicação da lógica fuzzy de controle e do CBR (Raciocínio Baseado em Casos) na indústria de processo contínuo. Essas técnicas são discutidas dentro do campo de conhecimentos da Inteligência Artificial, associadas ao processo de tomada de decisões empresariais. A Inteligência Artificial é apontada como um campo de conhecimentos que pode apoiar a tomada de decisões de um modo mais simples e mais preciso do que outros métodos, tais como a modelagem e a gestão por indicadores. As etapas para a construção de um sistema especialista, construído principalmente a partir de experiências empíricas humanas, também são discutidas. O trabalho se encerra apresentando uma rotina de tomada de decisão em um processo termoquímico na indústria cimenteira conduzida por um sistema especialista baseado em CBR e lógica fuzzy, e uma discussão sobre resultados comparados com operadores humanos nas mesmas condições.<br>This paper describes an application of the fuzzy logic control and CBR in the continuous process industry. The techniques are discussed inside the larger branch of knowledge called Artificial Intelligence (AI), which can be related with the decision-making process in companies. Artificial Intelligence is pinpointed as a science that can support decisions in an easier and more precisely way than others methods as models and process indicators management. The steps for the erection of an Expert System, built mainly from human empirical experiences, are also discussed. The paper comes to an end by presenting a decision-making routine in a thermochemical process, in the cement industry, as performed by an Expert System decision-maker, based in CBR and fuzzy logic, and leading to a discussion about results and performance gains, in comparison with human-guided action in the same process

Preparação psicológica para a cirurgia em pediatria: importância, técnicas e limitações

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre os programas e técnicas de preparação psicológica para cirurgia em crianças e discute os limites da pesquisa neste campo. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos produzem elevados níveis de ansiedade para os pacientes pediátricos, podendo provocar distúrbios psicológicos. A preparação pode reduzir a ansiedade, comportamentos negativos e inadequados no pós-cirúrgico, e ser eficaz para reduzir a ansiedade dos pais. Discutem-se limitações referentes à pesquisa, além de sugerir sua importância e o desenvolvimento de trabalhos científicos na área que avaliem melhor os procedimentos, como também, salientem e justifiquem a importância dos pais no trabalho de preparação pré-cirúrgica