Does the company's economic performance affect access to occupational health services?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Finland like in many other countries, employers are legally obliged to organize occupational health services (OHS) for their employees. Because employers bear the costs of OHS it could be that in spite of the legal requirement OHS expenditure is more determined by economic performance of the company than by law. Therefore, we explored whether economic performance was associated with the companies' expenditure on occupational health services.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We used a prospective design to predict expenditure on OHS in 2001 by a company's economic performance in 1999. Data were provided by Statistics Finland and expressed by key indicators for profitability, solidity and liquidity and by the Social Insurance Institution as employers' reimbursement applications for OHS costs. The data could be linked at the company level. Regression analysis was used to study associations adjusted for various confounders.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Nineteen percent of the companies (N = 6 155) did not apply for reimbursement of OHS costs in 2001. The profitability of the company represented by operating margin in 1999 and adjusted for type of industry was not significantly related to the company's probability to apply for reimbursement of the costs in 2001 (OR = 1.00, 95%CI: 0.99 to 1.01). Profitability measured as operating profit in 1999 and adjusted for type of industry was not significantly related to costs for curative medical services (Beta -0.001, 95%CI: -0.00 to 0.11) nor to OHS cost of prevention in 2001 (Beta -0.001, 95%CI: -0.00 to 0.00).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We did not find a relation between the company's economic performance and expenditure on OHS in Finland. We suppose that this is due to legislation obliging employers to provide OHS and the reimbursement system both being strong incentives for employers.</p

Dynamic volume-return relationship: evidence from an emerging capital market

The relationship between the changes in trading volume and subsequent returns for stocks traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is tested. High volume stocks are found to experience strong price reversals and low volume stocks to experience weak price reversals and even continuations. Focusing on longer portfolio selection periods does not strengthen these results, and focusing on extreme change in past trading volume and past returns does so only for some high volume portfolios. The sign of volume changes is more informative than the magnitude. The results can be interpreted as evidence of the prevalence of uninformed traders on the WSE.

The Social Closure of the Cultural Elite : The Case of Artists in Sweden, 1945–2004

This chapter identifies and analyses elites in a social domain where formal positions of power are few and far between – using the fine arts as an example – by combining Weberian closure theory with Pierre Bourdieu's concept of ‘fields’. Based on a database of more than 14,000 artists, active during the period of 1945–2008, an elite group of 627 is identified. When their social origins are analysed, a first main result of the inquiry is that this aesthetic elite is strikingly similar to other elites who are defined through formal positions of power: the elite are disproportionally drawn from the upper tiers of society. A second main result is that the recruitment to leading – informal – positions in the Swedish field of art displays a process of social closure. Over time, the elite are increasingly populated by individuals with origins in the ‘intellectual’ or ‘cultural’ fractions of the middle and upper classes.Konsten att lyckas som konstnär. Socialt ursprung, utbildning och karriär 1945-200

Work experience as a source of specification error in earnings models: implications for gender wage decompositions

Experience, Decomposition, Specification error, C81, J24, J31,

Occupations, Human Capital and Skills

Occupations, Human capital, Job skill, Wages,

Private returns to education in urban China

Mincer, Human capital, Gravity models, J24, J31, O15,