Estudio de la composición del erizo de mar paracentrotus lividus lmk. modificaciones durante el proceso de enlatado

A pesar de que existen numerosos trabajos sobre el erizo de mar la práctica totalidad de los mismos está centrada en estudios genéticos, bioquímicos y de desarrollo, siendo prácticamente inexistente la información disponible sobre el erizo de mar como alimento, por lo que consideramos de suma importancia efectuar un estudio analítico a fin de evaluar la calidad sensorial y nutritiva tanto en muestras frescas como en conserva. Los objetivos del trabajo son: 1. - Puesta a punto y aplicación de métodos para la determinación de componentes nutritivos y organolépticos. 2. - Evaluación de las modificaciones que sobre dichos componentes origina el proceso de enlatado

Trans-Stilbenes in Commercial Grape Juices: Quantification Using HPLC Approaches

Trans-stilbenes belong to the group of polyphenolic phytoalexins, and occur in many plant foods. These compounds have received great attention by researchers due to their well-known beneficial health effects. In the present study a chromatographic method that comprises the use of variable wavelength (VWD) and fluorescence (FLD) detectors in series for the analysis of trans-stilbenes is presented. The relation of peak-area obtained with both detectors is proposed as an alternative and complementary approach for the rapid identification of these phenolic compounds. The proposed method was applied to determine trans-stilbenes in commercial fruit juices. Trans-piceid was the most common trans-stilbene found in the samples analyzed. The method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity and repeatability. Appropriate sensitivity and good linearity (r2 > 0.9991) were achieved.This work was financed under grant GRC2014/012 for consolidating and structuring of competitive research units do Galician University System, SpainS

Determination of Xanthohumol in Hops, Food Supplements and Beers by HPLC

Xanthohumol (XN) is the main prenylated chalcone present in hops (Humulus lupulus) with high biological activity, and it is of great importance for human health because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and chemopreventive properties. This polyphenol can be included in the diet through foods in which hops are used, such as beer or food supplements. Because of their health benefits and the increasing interest of using hops as a novel nutraceutical, the aim of this work was the identification and quantification of XN in different types of samples using a method based on high resolution liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC–DAD). The method was validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), repeatability and recovery. Acceptable linearity (r2 0.9999), adequate recovery (>90% in the most of cases) and good sensitivity (LOD 16 µg/L) were obtained. Furthermore, the presence of XN in all samples was confirmed using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) operated in negative ESI (electrospray system ionization) mode. The concentrations of XN determined in hop flowers and food supplements were above the LOQ, in a range between 0.106 and 12.7 mg/g. Beer may also represent an important source of dietary prenylflavonoids, with between 0.028 and 0.062 mg/L of XN. The results showed that the methodology proposed was suitable for the determination of XN in the different types of samples studied, and the amounts of XN varied significantly according to the selected productThis research was funded by VIPACFood project (selected by ERA-NET ARIMNet2 call 2016 Coordination of Agricultural Research In the Mediterranean) of the European Union through the 7th Framework Program; and cofunded by the Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (MINECO-INIA), reference APCIN2016-00061-00-00, and by the “Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia,” reference number GRC 2019/030S

HPLC with Fluorescence Detection for Determination of Bisphenol A in Canned Vegetables: Optimization, Validation and Application to Samples from Portuguese and Spanish Markets

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the chemicals used to produce both polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resin coatings. Research has shown that small amounts of BPA can migrate into the foods and beverages enclosed in these types of containers. In this research, an analytical method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was developed and validated for the determination of BPA in canned vegetables. The results were confirmed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was performed, to identify the coating material of each tin can. Nineteen cans of vegetables were taken as study samples (eleven samples from the Spanish market, and eight samples from the Portuguese market). Excellent linear correlation (r2 = 0.9999) was observed over the range of 0.01 to 0.25 mg/L. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were calculated to be 0.005 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. Good recoveries, between 72% and 90% were obtained at three different levels of concentration (RSD% = 4.6). BPA was not detected in the samples. The proposed HPLC-FLD was found to be suitable for the determination of BPA in canned vegetablesMF Vaz acknowledges FCT, through IDMEC, under LAETA, project UID/EMS/50022/2019. The work was supported by UIDB/00211/2020 with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Fernanda Vilarinho acknowledges National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge through the project “Development of methodologies for the evaluation of polymeric food packaging components and determination of their structural and mechanical properties” (2016 DAN 1289). Antía Lestido Cardama is grateful for her grant “Programa de axudas á etapa predoutoral” da Xunta de Galicia (Conselleriía de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria). This research was cofounded by the “Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia,” reference number GRC 2019/030S

Study on the chemical behaviour of Bisphenol S during the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and its bioaccessibility

This study evaluated the chemical behaviour of Bisphenol S (BPS) and determined its bioaccessibility after human ingestion using a standardised in vitro gastrointestinal digestion protocol and an analytical method based on high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array and tandem mass spectrometry. The effects of different factors such as gastric pH, enzymes, and food matrix on the solubility and chemical stability of BPS were studied to evaluate their contribution to its bioaccessibility. The results highlighted that BPS was available at the end of the digestion process in the range of 50–80%, and was susceptible to absorption at the intestinal level. The effect of pH was not significant as a single factor. The presence of enzymes slightly decreased the bioaccessibility of BPS in the intestinal phase with gastric pH increase. Additionally, a soy drink reduced BPS bioaccessibility by up to 5% after oral intake. Finally, a few BPS degradation products were found in non-bioaccessible fractions at different pH valuesThis research was funded the “Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia”, within the project “Consolidación y estructuración de unidades de investigación competitivas—Grupos de referencia competitiva (GRC)” (Ref. GRC 2019/030). L. Barbosa-Pereira is grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for her “Juan de la Cierva – Incorporación” Grant (Agreement No. IJCI-2017-31665). Antía Lestido-Cardama is grateful for her grant “Programa de axudas á etapa predoutoral” da Xunta de Galicia (Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación UniversitariaS

Application of chromatographic analysis for detecting components from polymeric can coatings and further determination in beverage samples

Major type of internal can coating used for food and beverages is made from epoxy resins, which contain among their components bisphenol A (BPA) or bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE). These components can be released and contaminate the food or beverage. There is no specific European legislation for coatings, but there is legislation on specific substances setting migration limits. Many investigations have paid attention to BPA due to its classification as endocrine disruptor, however, few studies are available concerning to other bisphenol analogues that have been used in the manufacture of these resins. To evaluate the presence of this family of compounds, ten cans of beverages were taken as study samples. Firstly, the type of coating was verified using an attenuated total reflectance-FTIR spectrometer to check the type of coating presents in most of the samples examined. A screening method was also performed to investigate potential volatiles from polymeric can coatings of beverages using Purge and Trap (P&T) technique coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS). Moreover, a selective analytical method based on high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for the simultaneous identification and quantification of thirteen compounds including bisphenol analogues (BPA, BPB, BPC, BPE, BPF, BPG) and BADGEs (BADGE, BADGE.H2O, BADGE.2H2O, BADGE.HCl, BADGE.2HCl, BADGE.H2O.HCl, cyclo-di-BADGE) in the polymeric can coatings and in the beverage samples was applied. In addition, a liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was optimized for confirmation purposes. The method showed an adequate linearity (R2 >0.9994) and low detection levels down to 5 µg/L. Cyclo-di-BADGE was detected in all extracts of polymeric coatings. The concentrations ranged from 0.004 to 0.60 mg/dm2. No detectable amounts of bisphenol related compounds were found in any of the beverage samples at levels that may pose a risk to human health, suggesting a low intake of bisphenols from beveragesThe study was financially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), and by Agencia Estatal de Investigación Ref. No. PGC2018-094518-B-I00 “MIGRACOATING” (MINECO/FEDER, UE)S

Dietary Exposure Estimation to Chemicals Transferred from Milk and Dairy Products Packaging Materials in Spanish Child and Adolescent Population

Packaging materials are subject to risk assessment since they can transfer their components to the food, and they may constitute a risk for the consumers’ health. Therefore, estimating the exposure to chemicals migrating from packaging is required. In this study, a novel approach based on a total diet study (TDS)-like investigation to evaluate the exposure to chemicals transferred from the packaging was presented. The proposed methodology involved a non-targeted gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to identify potential migrants and the determination of the migrants in composite food samples. The method was applied to evaluate the dietary exposure to chemicals from food packaging materials used for milk and dairy products in the Spanish child and adolescent populations. Several migrants identified in packaging materials were selected to determine their concentration in composite food samples. These chemicals included diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), bis(2ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), benzophenone (BP), 1,3-diphenylpropane (1,3-DPP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT). The method exhibited a good sensitivity (limit of detection, LOD ≤ 0.05 µg/g) and a satisfactory recovery (78.4-124%). Finally, the exposure was estimated using the Spanish national dietary survey ENALIA. Phthalates DBP and DEHP showed the highest mean exposure, ranging from 2.42 (10–17 years)–4.40 (12–35 months) and 1.35 (10–17 years)–4.07 (12–35 months) µg/kg bw/day for DBP and DEHP, respectivelyThis study was financially supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), and by Agencia Estatal de Investigación Ref.No. AGL2015-69609-P “MIGRAEXPO” (MINECO/FEDER, UE)S

Food and beverage can coatings: a review on chemical analysis, migration, and risk assessment

The internal surface of food and beverage cans is generally covered with polymeric coatings to preserve food and protect metal substrate from corrosion. Coating materials are complex formulations that contain different starting substances (e.g., monomers, prepolymers, additives, etc.) and in addition during the manufacture of the material several compounds can be formed (e.g., reaction products, degradation products, etc.). These substances have the potential to migrate into the food. Many of them have not been identified and only some have been toxicologically evaluated. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the analytical methods used for the identification of potential migrants in can coatings. The migration and exposure to chemicals migrating from can coatings are also reviewed and discussed so far, which is essential for risk assessment. Moreover, a brief section on the current status of the legislation on varnishes and coatings for food contact in Europe is also presented. Liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and fluorescence detectors and particularly to mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry seem to be the techniques of choice for the identification of potential migrants in can coatings. Some studies have reported migration levels of BPA (bisphenol A) and BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) and derivatives exceeding the specific migration limits set in the European legislation. On the whole, low dietary exposure to migrants from can coatings has been reported. However, it is interesting to highlight that in these studies the combined exposure to multiple chemicals has not been consideredThis study was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Ref. no. PGC2018-094518-B-I00 “MIGRACOATING” [MICIU/FEDER, UE])S

Estimation of Dietary Exposure to Contaminants Transferred from the Packaging in Fatty Dry Foods Based on Cereals

Food packaging has received special attention from the food safety standpoint since it could be a potential source of contamination through the migration of chemical substances from the packaging material into food. The assessment of the exposure through the diet to these contaminants from food packaging is necessary. In this work, an estimation of dietary exposure of the young Spanish population (1–17 years) to target chemicals from packaging for fatty dried foods based on cereals was assessed. For this purpose, a gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was developed for screening of volatile and semivolatile compounds, potential migrants from the packaging. Then, this technique was used to quantify 8 target analytes, which were previously identified in the packaging (including phthalates, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and octocrylene), in composite food samples of fatty cereals prepared according to the consumption data for different age groups. Among the phthalates, exposure to diethyl phthalate (DEP) was the highest for the three groups considered (0.0761–0.545 µg/kg body weight/day), followed by bis(2-ethylhxyl)phathalate (DEHP), while the lowest mean intake was found for di-n-octyl phathalate (DNOP; 0.00463–0.0209 µg/kg body weight/day). The estimated dietary exposures did not exceed for any of the analytes the corresponding established tolerable daily intakesThis research was funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), and by Agencia Estatal de Investigación Ref.No. AGL2015-69609-P “MIGRAEXPO” (MINECO/FEDER, UE)S

Presence of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Food Contact Materials (FCM) and Its Migration to Food

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemical compounds widely used in different industry fields including food contact materials (FCM), providing resistance to fat and humidity, and non-stick properties. PFAS enter into the food chain directly from the intake of contaminated food or indirectly from the migration of the FCM into the food. This exposure published in different research highlights a public health concern. Therefore, it is necessary to perform analysis of the content of different FCM and evaluate the migration from the FCM under normal conditions of use and storage. This bibliographical review proves that different perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl compounds are detected in fast food packaging, microwave popcorn bags, and frying pans, among others. Furthermore, it shows the conditions or factors that favor the migration of the PFAS from the FCM into the foodThis research was funded by the Consellería de Cultura, Eduación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia, within the project “Consolidación y estructuración de unidades de investigación competitivas—Grupos de referencia competitiva (GRC)” Ref. No. GRC ED431C 2019/30. P.V.L. acknowledges to “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades” for her Predoctoral fellowship (ref. PRE2019-088195); A.L.C. is grateful for her grant “Programa de axudas á etapa predoutoral” da Xunta de Galicia (Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria). L.B.P. is grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for her “Juan de la Cierva—Incorporación” Grant (Agreement No. IJCI- 2017-31665)S