Quantitative results of immunohistochemistry staining for the expression of BMP2, OCN, BMP7, Col I and RUNX2.

<p>Osteocalcin (OCN), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), Type I collagen (Col I) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). *P<0.05 compared with control group. AOD, average optical density.</p

Histology of the implantation site with PLGA-30 µg Zol treatment.

<p>(A, B) Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining; (C, D) Masson trichrome staining.</p

Intraoperative photographs and two-dimensional slices of micro-CT images representing the distal femur.

<p>(A) drilling a tunnel (2×4 mm diameter) in the medial femoral condyle along the transepicondylar axis; (B) implantation the PLGA-Zol cylinder; (C) orientation of two-dimensional slice indicated by the yellow line; (D) polylactide acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) implantation, 0 µg Zol; (E) PLGA-zoledronate (PLGA-Zol), 3 µg Zol; (F) PLGA-Zol, 30 µg Zol; and (G) PLGA-Zol, 300 µg Zol. Stars indicated the site of implantation and arrows indicated where the significant changes happened.</p

Histology of hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson trichrome staining in epiphysis to metaphysis regions of specimens with PLGA-Zol and control treatment.

<p>Histology of hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson trichrome staining in epiphysis to metaphysis regions of specimens with PLGA-Zol and control treatment.</p

Quantitative analysis of the number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

<p>(A) number of osteoclasts per unit tissue area, N.Oc/T.A(/mm²); (B) number of osteoblasts per unit tissue area, N.Ob/T.A(/mm²) *P<0.05 compared with control group.</p

Immunohistochemistry of bone trabecular near the distal femoral epiphyseal plate.

<p>BMP2, OCN, BMP7, Col I and RUNX2 were expression in the bone matrix of newly formed trabecula. Osteocalcin (OCN), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), Type I collagen (Col I) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2).</p

Additional file 1 of Bimodal DNA self-origami material with nucleic acid function enhancement

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Root mean square fluctuation and root mean square deviation of the bimodal DNA self-origami material. Figures S2–S4. Structure diagram of circular DNA templates. Figure S5. Diagram of DNNs, bimodal state, and DNF synthesis process. Figure S6. Schematic diagrams of DNN (a) and DNF (b) freeze-drying. Figure S7. Freeze–fracture electron micrographs of DNNs, bimodal state, and DNFs. Figure S8. DNN cytotoxicity analysis. Figure S9. Schematic diagram of functionalized DNN preparation. Figure S10. Transwell assay for cell migration. Figure S11. Fourteen-day stability test of DNNs and DNFs. Figure S12. Unit point fluorescence combination of DNFs. Tables S1–S6. DNA sequences

Additional file 1: of Autologous-cell-derived, tissue-engineered cartilage for repairing articular cartilage lesions in the knee: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

SPIRIT Checklist. (DOC 115 kb

Additional file 1 of Apoptotic extracellular vesicles derived from hypoxia-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells within a modified gelatine hydrogel promote osteochondral regeneration by enhancing stem cell activity and regulating immunity

Additional file 1. Fig.S1. The long-term destiny of transplanted stem cells in vivo. Fig.S2. Dio-labeled ApoEVs successfully loaded onto Gel/ECM scaffold at different magnification. Fig.S3. Vesicle structure loaded onto the scaffold under scanning electron microscope. Fig.S4. Results of Young's modulus of three groups of scaffolds. Table S1. Upregulated miRNA-related functions in H-ApoEVs. Table S2. The sequences of primer for the RT-qPCR. Table S3. International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) macroscopic evaluation guidelines. Table S4. Modified O’Driscoll score system