Metode Sampling Penelitian Makrobenthos dan Aplikasinya

Buku ini terdiri dari 9 Bab, membahas secara mendalam tentang peranan penting makrobenthos sebagai hewan invertabrata yang hidup di habitat dasar perairan. Pada tiga bab pertama membahas definisi, identifikasi serta interaksi antara makrobenthos dengan struktur sedimen, responsnya terhadap gangguan lingkungan, sehingga sesuai sebagai bioindikator perubahan lingkungan perairan, khususnya pengkayaan organik akibat aktivitas budidaya perikanan (aquakultur). Selain itu juga dibahas peranan ekologisnya dalam pembentukan habitat sedimen, antara lain menstimulasi dan meningkatkan proses mineralisasi materi organik, dan meningkatkan pertukaran partikel dalam lapisan batas antara air dan sedimen, sehingga berperan penting dalam rantai makanan melalui transfer karbon organik kembali ke ekosistem pelagis. Bab IV khusus membahas teknik pengambilan sampel makrobenthos dengan beberapa alternatif alat yang umum digunakan (core sampler maupun grabs), desain eksperimen , dan untuk selanjunya dilakukan fiksasi, preservasi, sortasi, dan identifikasi serta enumerasi. Bab-bab berikutnya khusus membahas aplikasi pemanfaatan struktur makrobenthos dalam menentukan tingkat gangguan lingkungan, khususnya pada area budidaya, melalui analisis struktur dengan pendekatan univariat, multivariat, dan metode grafis serta indeks multimetrik. Pendekatan ini telah banyak diterapkan sebagai salah satu kriteria utama dalam menentukan kualitas lingkungan untuk manajemen akuakultur di berbagai negara. Sebagai sebuah buku ilmiah, ulasan dalam buku ini dapat menjadi salah satu referensi berharga bagi pemangku kepentingan mulai dari para aktivis do bidang perikanan, kelautan, teknik lingkungan, ilmu biologi terapan, sains terapan, pemerhati lingkungan, penentu kebijakan, pemda, para praktisi pembudidaya perikanan, serta masyarakat pada umumnya

The Roles of Macrobenthic Molluscs as Bioindicator in Response to Environmental Disturbance : Cumulative k-dominance curves and bubble plots ordination approaches

Floating net cage is one of the aquaculture practice operated in Indonesian coastal areas that has been growing rapidly over the last two decades. This study is aimed to assess the roles of macrobenthic mollusks as bioindicator in response to environmental disturbance caused by fish farming activities, and compare the samples within the locations using graphical methods. The research was done at the floating net cage fish farming area in the Awerange Gulf, South Sulawesi, Indonesia at the coordinates between 79o0500'- 79o1500' LS and953o1500'- 953o2000' BT, at the polyculture and reference areas, which was located 1 km away from farming area. Sampling period was conducted between October 2014 to June 2015.The sediment samples were taken from the two locations with two sampling time and three replicates using Van Veen Grab for biotic and abiotic assessment. Mollusks as biotic parameter were fixed using 4% formalin solution and were preserved using 70% ethanol solution after 1mm mesh size. The macrobenthic mollusks were found as many as 15 species consisting of 14 families and 2 classes (gastropods and bivalves). Based on cumulative k-dominance analysis projected on each station, the line of station K3T1 (reference area; first sampling time) and KJAB P3T2 (polyculture area; second sampling time) are located below others curves, indicating the highest evenness and diversity compared to the other stations, whereas station K2T1 (reference area; first sampling time) and K3T2 (polyculture area, second sampling time) are located on the top, indicate the lowest value of evenness and diversity. Based on the bubble plots NMDS ordination, the four dominant taxa/species did not clearly show involvement in driving/shifting the ordinate position of station on the graph, except T. agilis. However, the two species showed involvement in driving/shifting the ordinate position of two stations of the reference areas from the first sampling time by Rynoclavis sordidula, and three stations of the polyculture areas from the first sampling time by Gemulla sp. away from other stations, thus are considered as bioindicators of environmental disturbance. These results imply that cumulative k-dominance curves and bubble plots ordination may be effective method to assess the indication of disturbance of the area. Keywords : Macrobenthic molluks, polyculture, bubble plots, cumulative k-dominanc

THE ASSESSMENT OF SENSITIVITY OF BIOTIC INDICES IN DETERMINING SYMPTOMS AND LEVELS OF DISTURBANCE USING MACROBENTHIC ASSEMBLAGE DATA

Marine macrobenthic dynamics have been intensively studied in response to environmental disturbances, and a large number of techniques, including a variety of indices, have been proposed and developed for assessment. Structural and functional variability have been summarized through both univariate and multimetric indices as integrative indicators in environmental monitoring programs. In general, multimetric indices are considered to be sensitive, stable, and robust, thus offer a promising approach for ecological assessment. This study is aimed to assess the degree of sensitivity for several indices in terms of their ability to determine environmental changes. Based on macrofaunal data, several univariate and multimetric indices were used to assess and compare the level of disturbance at fallowed farm and reference (control) sites. The two multimetric indices, the AZTI’s Marine Biotic Indices (AMBI) and Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR), were used as integrative indicators to assess the categorisation of each sampled site. The results showed that a combination of multimetric index and univariate indices provide a better assessment. The categories determined by multimetric indices seem to be in accordance with level of disturbance expressed by the trophic analysis, multivariate and graphical analyses used in this study. The AMBI has the ability to detect large scale differences among sites. However, AMBI was unable to discriminate slight changes in the macrobenthic assemblages between sites, as have been exposed by EQR

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of the Macrobenthic Assemblages in Relation to Environmental Variables

This study focuses on the effect of fallowing of southern blue-fin tuna farms in southern Spencer Gulf, South Australia, on macrobenthic assemblage comparing spatial and temporal patterns of distribution and abundance at eight control sites and eight fallowed pontoon sites, during the period October 2002 to October 2003. Two stations at each site were sampled five times throughout the year with four replicates. Polychaetes were the most abundant organisms both at control sites (76.4%) and fallowed pontoon sites (80.5%). Five dominant taxa (Capitellidae, Cirratullidae, Lumbrineridae, Nephtyidae, and Spionidae), relatively tolerant to organic enrichment, were generally recorded in higher numbers at the fallowed sites than at control sites.Assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses, a significant difference in abundance between the control and fallowed pontoon sites was found, which also showed a significant effect of time. A slight decreased in diversity, number of taxa, and evenness at fallowed pontoon sites compared to those at control sites was observed. Seasonal fluctuations caused by natural variability, especially hydrodynamic conditions and sediment characteristics, are likely to be responsible for the observed changes of the assemblages

BIOMONTORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF FISH FARMING PRACTICE AT LAKE RAWAPENING, CENTRAL JAVA BASED ON MACROBENTHIC ASSEMBALGES

Over the last decade, the rapid development of fish farming cage system activities at Lake Rawapening has led to the emergence of organic enrichment that may impact on changes in environmental quality. This study aims to determine the environmental quality and level of disturbance in the area of fish farming cages using macrobenthic community structure. Sampling was done in July, October, and December 2009 in three locations: Location I is at area of cages that are no longer in operation (fallowed site), Location II is at a new cage area actively operating and Location III as a reference/control is an area that is not used as a place of fish farming. Random sampling technique was employed in this study. Data were analyzed using ANOVA analysis, the index of species diversity (H'), the similarity type (J'), and multivariate analysis. The results show the variation of physical-chemical conditions over time, but not significantly different between sites. The composition of sediment in both the farming area as well as the reference/control site was dominated by coarse sand (42-47%). Macrobenthic structure differed significantly between sampling locations, but not between sampling time. Macrobenthic community structure at Location I and Location II were generally dominated by opportunistic taxa, particularly the Family Lumbrineridae (23.9%), Capitellidae (22.9%), and Tubificidae (14.7%) for Location I, and Family Thiaridae (28.4%), Turritellidae (25.6%), and Tubificidae (15.4%) for Location II. While at the Location III was dominated by the Family Thiaridae (52.7%). Result from multivariate analysis using Non-Metric Multi Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) indicates that the structure of macrobenthos is more likely to be influenced by the different physical-chemical environment in the three sampling locations. This shows the tendency of differences in species composition between sites during the sampling period

The Improvement of Protein Content by the Use of Dried Fish Meal of Oreochromis niloticus in Tempeh as Aquaculture Product Diversification for Sustainable Aquaculture

The consumption of freshwater fish such as tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is favored by most Indonesian society, especially in Kabupaten Magelang, Central Java. Mungkid, a village in Magelang which is one of the places that was developed as a Minapolitan. This study is aimed to support the development of aquaculture product diversification, especially tilapia fish as a flagship product in the area. The farmed tilapia fish were used as a source of animal protein for a variety of fermented food products; one of them is tempeh. The utilization of dried fish meal as a mixture in the production of tempeh was assessed in the laboratory for the best concentration to improve the protein substance. Several procedures were carried out, including making dried fish meal/fish flour, fermentation of boiled soybean, incubation of mixed fish flour and soybean, and the measurement of water, protein, fat, ashes, and carbohydrate. After the process of incubation in the room tempehrature (27oC) for 48 hours, the mixing of fish flour and soybean in tempeh fermentation produced the fish tempeh. Organoleptic test was also conducted for the taste and physical performance. The result showed that 3 % fish flour is the best concentration for making fish tempeh. At this mixture, the contents of water, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate in fish tempeh were 17.4%, 26,62%, 6,78%, 1,6%, and 47,6% respectively. The optimum growth of fish tempeh was then applied by workshop/training activities. These activites involved academicians of Poltiteknik Magelang, fish farming group of Mungkid and Muntilan districts, and groups of “Dharma Wanita” of Magelang Regency

Water and Sediments Characteristics Influencing Fish Farming Activities: Univariate and Multivariate Approaches

Environmental variables, especially water, sediment characteristics and farming practices play important roles in influencing the degree and severity of the impacts of aquaculture. The water-sediment interface under fish farms can be influenced by organic waste in the form of feces and unconsumed feed derived from farm activities. This study focuses on the hydrographical conditions and water chemistry of the bluefin tuna farming area in the southern Spencer Gulf, especially organic carbon content, sediment grain size and current velocity. A comparative study of organic matter and sediment grain size between sites and the relationship between the siltclay fractions of the sediments and the amount of organic matter are assessed. Sediment samples were taken using a HAPS bottom corer equipped with a corer of 67 mm in diameter and 315 mm in length, operated from the research vessel RV Ngerin. The results suggest that hydrographical conditions and water chemistry of southern Spencer Gulf varied slightly depending on the location of the stations sampled. No accumulation in organic matter under the fallowed cages was detected, indicating that the hydrodynamic conditions at southern Spencer Gulf are considered well flushed and thus suitable for farming activities

PENGEMBANGAN MANAJEMEN LINGKUNGAN BUDIDAYA IKAN MELALUI APLIKASI PROBIOTIC, PELET PROTEIN TINGGI, DAN BIOSECURITY UNTUK PENINGKATAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI DAN AKTIVITAS BUDIDAYA BERKELANJUTAN

Dalam upaya mewujudkan akuakultur berkelanjutan (sustainable aquaculture), sistem manajemen dan teknologi akuakultur yang perlu menjadi perhatian yang serius adalah pengembangan manajemen lingkungan budidaya dan fasilitas pendukungnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan antara lain untuk mengembangkan manajemen lingkungan budidaya ikan guna menunjang aktivitas budidaya yang berkelanjutan. Dalam jangka panjang, riset ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi nyata kepada masyarakat melalui kegiatan pemberdayaan masyarakat berupa pembuatan probiotik dan pelet ikan protein tinggi dengan memanfaatkan sumberdaya alam lokal, khususnya kerang air tawar (Anodonta woodiana Lea) and keong mas (Pomacea sp.) dan upaya meningkatkan daya dukung lingkungan perairan sehingga daya dukung (carrying capacity) lingkungan perairan Rawapening agar tetap terjaga. Penggunaan probiotik di lapangan dilakukan berdasarkan isolasi bakteri di perairan perairan danau Rawapening. Aplikasi biosecurity yang dilakukan antara lain identifikasi dan upaya pencegahan penyakit, memilih benih yang sehat dan melakukan pengontrolan terhadap pertumbuhan benih, melakukan pengontrolan terhadap kualitas lingkungan (air dan sedimen), dan melaksanakan program pembasmian penyakit bila terjadi wabah. Sedangkan proses pembuatan pelet meliputi penentuan formulasi, penggilingan bahan baku menjadi tepung, penimbangan, pencampuran bahan baku pelet, pengolahan adonan menjadi pelet/crumble, pengeringan, dan sortasi. Uji fisik pelet meliputi uji daya apung, uji daya tahan pelet dalam air, dan daya kekerasan pelet. Uji kimia dilakukan untuk mengetahui kandungan nutrisi pelet ikan yang dibuat. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa pelet ikan komersial kualitas tinggi memiliki kandungan protein sebesar 35%, pelet dengan kualitas sedang memiliki kandungan protein sebesar 16%, sedangkan pelet alternatif memiliki kandungan protein sebesar 20%. Penyakit yang umumnya menyerang budidaya ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) di perairan Rawapening antara lain parasit Trichodina sp (a) dan Trichodinella sp, jamur Saprolegnia sp, dan bakteri Streptococcus s

PENGEMBANGAN TEKNIK BIOMONITORING DAN BIOSECURITY YANG EFEKTIF DAN AKURAT MENUJU AKTIVITAS BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN BERKELANJUTAN

Aktivitas budidaya perikanan merupakan bagian penting dari usaha manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan berprotein tinggi yang terus meningkat, khususnya ikan dan crustacea. Namun dalam dua dekade terakhir, penurunan kualitas lingkungan, khususnya lingkungan perairan semakin meningkat seiring dengan meningkatkan aktivitas manusia. Hal ini sudah seharusnya menjadi perhatian yang serius baik oleh pelaku budidaya, institusi pendidikan, pemerintah daerah setempat, maupun pemerintah pusat. Budidaya tanpa diimbangi dengan pengetahuan wawasan pemanfaatan SDA dan prektek budidaya berkelanjutan akan sangat mudah terjadi bencana lingkungan, yang pada akhirnya berdampak pada penurunan produktivitas budidaya dan daya dukung lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakn di kawasan budidaya ikan sistem keramba di Danau Rawapening, kawasan budidaya ikan sistem tambak di perairan pesisir Sayung Demak dan kawasan budidaya ikan sistem tambak di perairan pesisir Tugu Rejo, Semarang, dengan difokuskan pada 3 kegiatan utama, yaitu (a) penerapan metode baru biomonitoring yang efisien, efektif dan akurat menggunakan multivariat dan metode grafis terhadap opportunistic species, (b) penerapan biosecurity untuk meningkatkan daya dukung lingkungan perairan. Penelitian ini telah menghasilkan output berupa: presentasi oral dalam seminar internasional International Conference for Applied Life Science (ICALS) in Konya, Turkey, pada 10-12 September 2012 (www.icals.org), dan 1 publikasi ilmiah pada jurnal internasional: Journal of International on Environmental Applied Sceince (JIEAS) edisi Dsember 2012 (dalam proses publikasi/proof printing) dengan judul: Assessment of Environmental Quality of Coastal Fishpond Areas Using Macrobenthic Structure: Multivariate and Graphical Approaches

Assessment Level of Severity of Environmental Disturbance Caused by Aquaculture Activities Using Abundance-Biomass Curves of Macrobenthic Assemblages

Abundance-Biomass comparison (ABC) was applied to assess the level of environmental disturbance by the changes in the pattern of abundance and biomass of macrobenthic assemblages taken from various types of sediments. In the most sedimentary habitats, polychaetes usually dominate the structure and considered the most tolerant to stress associated with organic loading and low oxygen levels, thus effective as environmental indicator using ABC curve. The aim the study is to assess the environmental changes caused by Aquaculture activities using ABC curve of polychaetes assemblages as presented using the Shannon-Wiener (H’) index at the studied areas. The results showed that approach to multivariate and graphical methods, especially using ABC curves can sensitively detect any environmental change, particularly changes in polychaetesassemblages, water quality and sediment over time