Parish Budget: The Economic Basis for the Activities of Confessional Communities in the 18th and Early 20th Centuries

This article discusses the main patterns in the formation of church property and the provision of the parish clergy with the means of subsistence. It is revealed that the natural and consistent evolution of property relations between the clergy and the laity over more than two centuries did not lead to significant changes. The emergence of parish trusteeships, called upon to place the spending of church funds under the joint control of the clergy and the laity, essentially led to the consolidation of the previously established norms of relations between the priest and parishioners in property matters. Keywords: clergy, finance, budget, property, peasants, Christianity, Orthodoxy, incom

Aluminosilicate network formation during geopolymerization followed by in-situ 27Al nutation NMR

In classical cement systems, hydration reactions can typically be stopped by a solvent exchange (such as isopropanol) or by drying1. Subsequently, the chemical reactions are studied by separating and characterizing independently the solid and the liquid phases at different times, to follow their respective compositions and to establish a reaction process by finding chemical intermediates and products. As for geopolymers, they are formed by a dissolution-condensation mechanism resulting from the mixing a solid aluminosilicate source (for example metakaolin) with a highly concentrated alkali-silicate solution. The properties of the suspension do not allow to employ phase separation. This is the reason why the reaction mechanism leading to geopolymers is still said to be unclear, because it has only been studied by indirect methods so far, such as calorimetry, time-resolved rheology or small-angle scattering2 for instance. In-situ static 27Al NMR has already been used as a direct method to probe and quantify the aluminate species in the liquid phase during geopolymerization, using the quadrupolar nature of 27Al nuclei. Aluminum is not present in the liquid state at the very beginning of the process but goes to the initial aluminosilicate powder to the final solid product, naturally making it the nucleus of interest for an NMR study. While dissolved species are mobile enough for the quadrupolar interaction to be averaged, the quadrupolar coupling persists in less mobile species or in solids, leading to different nutation behaviors. In the present study, it will be demonstrated that a nutation experiment, which simply consists in varying the pulse length and measuring the resulting signal, allows filtering out the reactant aluminosilicate source from the 27Al NMR signal to detect reaction intermediates, and apparently also products. The evolution of the 27Al NMR signal was followed over longer periods of time up to several days during the geopolymerization process of metakaolin-based systems. It was shown that more than two steps can be identified in the geopolymerization process, depending on the frequency of the radiofrequency field applied during the experiment. Simulation of nutation curves at different times of the reactions allowed to follow the evolution of the quadrupolar coupling constant, and gave insight on the aluminate intermediates. Finally, the NMR results were confronted to time-resolved rheology and isothermal calorimetry in order to understand processes occurring on different time scales. 1- Collier et al. The influence of water removal techniques on the composition and microstructure of hardened cement pastes, Cement and Concrete Research, 38(6) (2008) pp. 737-744. 2- Steins et al. Structural Evolution during Geopolymerization from an Early Age to Consolidated Material, Langmuir, 28 (2012) pp. 8502-8510. 3- Favier et al., Mechanical properties and compositional heterogeneities of fresh geopolymer pastes, Cement and Concrete Research, 48 (2013) pp. 9-16

A Systematic Study on Polymer-Modified Alkali-Activated Slag−Part II: From Hydration to Mechanical Properties

The effect of styrene-acrylate (SA) polymer latex on alkali-activated slag (AAS) was systematically studied in the aspects of hydration, hydration products, pore structure and mechanical properties through the combined analytical techniques including calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and mechanical measurement. It was found that the addition of SA does not retard the AAS hydration, but slightly accelerates it, possibly due to the increasing ion diffusion through the loosely structured hydration products. Pore structure analysis indicates that the addition of polymer increases the cumulative pore volume and the portion of pores with size >100 nm in the hardened AAS paste. The addition of SA latex results in a continuous decrease of the compressive strength, but the flexural strength firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of polymer dosage. The polymer dosage of 2.5 wt % is optimal when applying polymer latex in the AAS system in this study.TU Berlin, Open-Access-Mittel – 202

The phenomenon of the mining settlement (on materials of the Petrovsky Factories)

The article considers the main regularities of the existence of mining settlements as a special kind of settlements. The author revealed that the general characteristic feature of the mining plants was the orientation toward ensuring the state's defence needs. The emergence and peculiarities of the functioning of mining settlements are directly connected with rational decisions of local and central authorities. Priority in the activities of mining plants remained the industrial production, often at the expense of the domestic needs of their inhabitants

Prisons in the Empire: specific features of the Russian penitentiary system in the 19th and early 20th centuries (a case study of Olonets province)

The article describes the basic laws of the penitentiary system’s formation in the Olonets province. The author identifies main problems that existed in the operation of prisons in the province as well as the ways of interaction of various departments in re-education and social adaptation of prisoners. The changes occurred in the prison system as results of the February Revolution of 1917 were studied

Customary law and public order support between the 18th and the early 20th centuries (on materials of the Olonets province)

The article reviews the problems of the customary law functioning in the northern village. Popular ideas about legality and justice were combined with the regular application of Russian laws significantly complementing them. The appearance and the beginning of the active activity in the villages of the Olonets province of the professional police gradually, though not radically, changed the situation. The effect of the norms of state law became more and more stable, and the time-honored peasant legal traditions were a thing of the past. At the same time the formation of personnel and the definition of the main activities of rural police occurred under the significant impact of customary law

Russification in the 19th and early 20th centuries: the specific features of the process (on materials of the European North of Russia)

The article deals with the problems of Russification as a natural process, prior to the state policy of Russification. It was revealed that it has become an unavoidable phenomenon associated with economic development, urbanization, the spread of Orthodoxy, and bourgeois reforms. Consequences of Russification are related to changes not only in the linguistic field. They also involved traditional rituals, folk stories, and architectural styles. The process of studying the elements of Russian culture by the representatives of Finno-Ugric Peoples was accompanied by significant changes in the culture of Slavic immigrants through the contact with the locals

Gendarmes of the Olonets province: the specifics of professional activity (19th and the early 20th centuries)

The article describes problems of the Olonets gendarmerie administration’s creation and activity. The author reveals peculiarities of formation of the cadre personnel and defines the definition of the range of tasks, and the evolution of their priority objectives. Considerable attention is paid to the division of powers between the police and the gendarmerie. In the first decade of the existence of the Olonets gendarmerie, the tasks of the secret police were to fight against the Old Believer’s influence and the supervise over the officials of the provincial administration and the local clergy. From the 1870-s the main activity of the gendarmerie was the struggle against the revolutionary movement

Provincial Jewish communities in the 19th and early 20th centuries: Judaism as the forty of identity

The article considers the main regularities of formation and activity of Jewish communities in provincial cities of Russia. It was revealed that servicemen became the basis for the formation of religious communities of Jews. Subsequently, the number of Jewish communities has increased significantly due to a significant influx of exiles and the arrival of Jewish merchants. The existence of Jewish religious communities was the subject to detailed legislative regulation. At the same time, a number of significant problems could not be solved. In particular, training of rabbis was extremely difficult. The difficulties were also in preserving the traditional way of life, the native language

The characters of Karelian epic songs: from paganism to Christianity

The article deals with the problem of changing scenes in Karelian epic songs influenced by the spread of Orthodoxy in areas of Olonets and Arkhangelsk dioceses. The initial idea of the world creation is saved, enhancing support the realities of parish life closely associated with the Christian ideas. Ultimately, epic songs allow the situation to go through the culture shock associated with abrupt and significant change in the outlook of the inhabitants of Northern Karelia