Elder flowers and berries liquid extracts and syrups technology and quality assessment

Objective of work – produce ethanolic liquid elder flower and berries extracts and syrups, and evaluate the extraction solvent concentration and quantity produced is determined by product quality. The tasks of this research are: 1. According to the literature, to select proportion of the substance and extractive solvent, a rational extractive solvent and the method of production of liquid ethanolic extracts from Elder flowers and berries. 2. To assess the impact of ethanol concentration for quality of the liquid extracts by assessing dry residue level, amount of phenolic compouds, antioxidant activity and amount of anthocyanins. 3. To produce syrups, from received ethanolic liquid extracts. 4. To assess the impact of the extract amount for quality of the syrups by assessing amount of phenolic compouds, antioxidant activity, viscosity and organoleptic properties. 5. To evaluate stability of syrups. Methods. Elder flower and fruit ethanolic liquid extracts were analyzed by using spectrophotometric method for total amount of phenolic compounds expressed by gallic acid. Antioxidative activity was determined spectrophotometrically by DPPH radical scavenging method. Gravimetric method was used for determination of dry residue levels. Anthocyanins were determined by using pH differential spectrophotometric method. Syrups quality and stability measured to determine the total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, dynamic viscosity, refractive index and organoleptic properties. The results were obtained using Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and Sigma Plot 12.0 programs. The results and conclusions of the analysis. Appropriate concentration of ethanol for Elder flower liquid extract production - 50%, for Elder berry liquid extract production - 70%. Syrups which have 20 g of extract have the highest total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and lowest dynamic viscosity. Syrups sensory characteristics analysis showed that according to the evaluators opinion, the best organoleptic attributes have syrups containing 10 g of extract

Nitrocellulose Based Film-Forming Gels with Cinnamon Essential Oil for Covering Surface Wounds

Acute and chronic wounds caused by assorted reasons impact patient’s quality of life. Films are one of the main types of moisture retentive dressings for wounds. To improve the healing of the wound, films must ensure there is no microorganism contamination, protect from negative environmental effects, and support optimal moisture content. The aim of this study was to formulate optimal film-forming gel compositions that would have good physico-chemical properties and be suitable for wound treatment. Nitrocellulose, castor oil, ethanol (96%), ethyl acetate, and cinnamon leaf essential oil were used to create formulations. During the study, the drying rate, adhesion, flexibility, tensile strength, cohesiveness, swelling, water vapor penetration, pH value, and morphology properties of films were examined. Results showed that optimal concentrations of nitrocellulose for film-forming gel production were 13.4% and 15%. The concentrations of nitrocellulose and cinnamon leaf essential oil impacted the films’ physicochemical properties (drying rate, swelling, adhesion, flexibility, etc.). The swelling test showed that films of formulations could absorb significant amounts of simulant wound exudate. Film-forming gels and films showed no microbial contamination and were stable three months after production

Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. Extracts from Di erent Plant Parts: Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Abstract: Polyphenols play an important role on the health-promoting properties of humans. Plants belonging to Lamiaceae family are known as rich source of phenolic compounds. The current work aimed to evaluate the phenolic compounds, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity of Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. ethanolic extracts from leaf, stem, flower, and whole herb. Twelve compounds were identified in ethanolic extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). TheHPLC analysis revealed that chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, and rutinwere predominant compounds in ethanolicic extracts.[...]

Freeze-Drying Technique for Microencapsulation of Elsholtzia ciliata Ethanolic Extract Using Di erent Coating Materials

The present study reports on the encapsulation of Elsholtzia ciliata ethanolic extract by freeze-drying method using skim milk, sodium caseinate, gum Arabic, maltodextrin, beta-maltodextrin, and resistant-maltodextrin alone or in mixtures of two or four encapsulants. The encapsulation ability of the final mixtures was evaluated based on their microencapsulating e ciency (EE) of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and the physicochemical properties of freeze-dried powders. Results showed that the freeze-dried powders produced using two encapsulants have a lower moisture content, but higher solubility, Carr index, and Hausner ratio than freeze-dried powders produced using only one encapsulant in the formulation. The microencapsulating e ciency of TPC also varied depending on encapsulants used. The lowest EE% of TPC was determined with maltodextrin (21.17%), and the highest with sodium caseinate (83.02%). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that freeze-drying resulted in the formation of di erent size, irregular shape glassy particles. This study demonstrated good mucoadhesive properties of freeze-dried powders, which could be incorporated in buccal or oral delivery dosage forms. In conclusion, the microencapsulation of E. ciliata ethanolic extract by freeze-drying is an e ective method to produce new value-added pharmaceutical or food formulations with polyphenols

Antiarrhythmic Properties of Elsholtzia ciliata Essential Oil on Electrical Activity of the Isolated Rabbit Heart and Preferential Inhibition of Sodium Conductance

Elsholtzia ciliata essential oil (E. ciliata) has been developed in Lithuania and internationally patented as exerting antiarrhythmic properties. Here we demonstrate the pharmacological effects of this herbal preparation on cardiac electrical activity. We used cardiac surface ECG and a combination of microelectrode and optical mapping techniques to track the action potentials (APs) in the Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart model during atrial/endo-/epi-cardial pacing. Activation time, conduction velocity and AP duration (APD) maps were constructed. E. ciliata increased the QRS duration and shortened QT interval of ECG at concentrations of 0.01–0.1 μL/mL, whereas 0.3 μL/mL (0.03%) concentration resulted in marked strengthening of changes. In addition, the E. ciliata in a concentration dependent manner reduced the AP upstroke dV/dtmax and AP amplitude as well as APD. A marked attenuation of the AP dV/dtmax and a slowing spread of electrical signals suggest the impaired functioning of Na+-channels, and the effect was use-dependent. Importantly, all these changes were at least partially reversible. Our results indicate that E. ciliata modulates cardiac electrical activity preferentially inhibiting Na+ conductance, which may contribute to its effects as a natural antiarrhythmic medicine

Volatile compounds composition of Elsholtzia ciliata fresh, frozen and dried herbal materials

[no. VNS17/054]Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. belonging to Lamiaceae family commonly known as crested late-summer mint is very interesting herb for its chemical composition and pharmacological activities. The aim of this study was obtaining a chemical composition of the volatile compounds from fresh, frozen and dried E. ciliata herbal materials. The samples were prepared by the dynamic headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method (GC-MS). This is the first study of volatile compounds determined from fresh, frozen and dried herbal samples of E. ciliata. The plant growing in Lithuania does not exhibit a lot of volatile compounds. Sixteen different compounds have been obtained from all SPME samples. Dehydroelsholtzia ketone, elsholtzia ketone, beta-bourbonene, caryophyllene, alphacaryophyllene, germacrene D and alpha-farnesene were identified and found to be predominant compounds in fresh, frozen and dried herbal samples. The major amounts of ketones were found in dried herbal samples and made up 21.94% (dehydroelsholtzia ketone) and 71.34% (elsholtzia ketone) of headspace SPME composition. Sesquiterpenes were the second major group of identified compounds and obtained from dried (3.3%), frozen (1.73%) and fresh (1.95%) E. ciliata samples. Predominant sesquiterpenes were αcaryophyllene and β-bourbonene in fresh (1.04% and 0.53%), frozen (0.84% and 0.49%) and dried (1.6% and 0.97%) herbal materialsBiochemijos katedraBotanikos sodasInstrumentinės analizės APCLietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas. Medicinos akademijaVytauto Didžiojo universiteta

Evaluation of the Cardiac Electrophysiological and Haemodynamic Effects of <i>Elsholtzia ciliata</i> Essential Oil on Swine

The demand for the development of novel medicines with few side effects and no proarrhythmic properties is increasing. Extensive research on herbal extracts has been conducted with the expectation that the compounds will exert precise effects without harmful side effects. Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. essential oil (EO) possesses antiarrhythmic properties similar to those of class 1B antiarrhythmics, such as prolonging myocardial activation of the QRS complex and shortening the QT interval. In this study, we determined the kinetic profile of EO phytocompounds and the effects of EO on heart electrical activity and arterial blood pressure. For this study, we chose to use local breed pigs that were anaesthetized. The effects of an intravenous bolus of EO on ECG parameters, arterial blood pressure, heart rate variability, and blood levels of haematological and biochemical parameters were registered and evaluated. Following an intravenous injection of a bolus, EO exerted a vasodilatory effect, resulting in significant reductions in arterial blood pressure. EO also increased the heart rate and altered ECG parameters. The bolus of EO prolonged the QRS complex, shortened the QT interval, and nonmonotonically altered the PQ interval. After the administration of a bolus of EO, the activity of the autonomic nervous system was altered. This study confirms that EO possesses similar properties to class 1B antiarrhythmics and exerts a hypotensive effect; it reduces arterial blood pressure possibly by modulating peripheral vascular resistance