How much water is lost during breathing?

Wychodząc z równania Antoine’a oraz równania stanu gazu doskonałego, obliczono objętość wody wydalanej z organizmu z powietrzem oddechowym, w zależności od temperatury i wilgotności powietrza oraz wentylacji minutowej. W czasie wysiłku fizycznego ilość wydychanej wody zależy liniowo od rytmu serca, ale nie jest do niego proporcjonalna. Przy tętnie 140 uderzeń/min wydalanie wody przez płuca jest 4-krotnie większe niż w spoczynku i wynosi 60–70 ml/h. Obliczono wpływ temperatury i wilgotności powietrza wdychanego na ilość wydychanej wody. Przykładowo, w temperaturze 35oC i przy wilgotności powietrza wdychanego równej 75% człowiek traci około 7 ml H2O/h. Natomiast w temperaturze –10oC i przy wilgotności 25% utrata ta wzrasta do około 20 ml/h. Uzyskane wyniki mogą się stać podstawą oceny wzrostu osmotyczności w dolnych drogach oddechowych, a wzrost ten jest uważany za jeden z czynników odpowiedzialnych za powysiłkowy skurcz oskrzeli.Arising from the Antoine equation and the ideal gas law, the volume of exhaled water has been calculated. Air temperature, humidity and minute ventilation has been taken into account. During physical exercise amount of exhaled H2O is linear, but not proportional to heart rate. And so at the heart rate of 140 bpm amount of exhaled water is approximately four times higher than during the rest and equals about 60–70 ml/h. The effect of external temperature and humidity on water lost via lungs was assessed as well. When temperature of inspired air and its humidity is 35°C an 75% respectively loss of water is 7 ml/h. Whereas when above parameters are changed to minus 10°C and 25% lung excretion of H2O increases up to 20 ml/h. The obtained results may become the basis for the assessment of osmolarity changes on the surface of the lower airways. The increase of which is recently considered as one of the factors responsible for exercise induced bronchospasm

Trening mentalny pomocą w rehabilitacji po operacji – studium przypadku = Mental training in rehabilitation after surgery – case report

Budnik–Przybylska Dagmara, Przybylski Jacek. Trening mentalny pomocą w rehabilitacji po operacji – studium przypadku = Mental training in rehabilitation after surgery – case report. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(12):400-411. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.203310http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4067    The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 754 (09.12.2016).754 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2016;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 01.12.2016. Revised 12.12.2016. Accepted: 14.12.2016.   CASE REPORT  Trening mentalny pomocą w rehabilitacji po operacji – studium przypadkuMental training in rehabilitation after surgery – case report Dagmara Budnik–Przybylska 1ABDEF, Jacek Przybylski 1ABDEF 1Uniwersytet Gdański, Wydział Nauk Społecznych, ul. Bażyńskiego 480-952 Gdańsk, Polska  A – study design, B – data collection, C – statistical analysis, D – data interpretation, E – manuscript preparation, F – literature search, G – funds collection. Słowa kluczowe: trening mentalny, kontuzja, rehabilitacja, psychologia sportu Keywords: mental training, injury, rehabilitation, sports psychology  Abstract In the sport psychology literature situations of the injuries and dealing with them were described. People are different from each other and differently feel the event that they do occur, including those associated with trauma. The aim of this study was to present the situation of single player - a member of the Polish national sailing team, preparing for the Olympic Games in London in 2012.  StreszczenieW literaturze dotyczącej psychologii sportu opisywane były sytuacje kontuzji i radzenia sobie z nimi. Ludzie różnią się między sobą i w różny sposób odczuwają zdarzenia, które im się przytrafiają, w tym również te, związane z urazem. Celem niniejszej pracy było przedstawienie sytuacji zawodniczki - członkini kadry narodowej żeglarstwa, przygotowującej się sportowo pod kątem mentalnym do Igrzysk Olimpijskich w Londynie 2012.

The effect of short acting hyperoxia on heart rate and blood pressure variability in hypertensive and normotensive individuals

Wstęp Oddychanie 100-procentowym tlenem eliminuje toniczną aktywność chemoreceptorów kłębka szyjnego. We wcześniejszych badaniach wykazano, że krótkotrwała hiperoksja powoduje zmniejszenie wartości ciśnienia tętniczego oraz obniżenie aktywności układu współczulnego ocenianego metodą mikroneurografii. Celem obecnej pracy było sprawdzenie, czy zastosowanie krótkotrwałej hiperoksji wpłynie na aktywność współczulną ocenianą nieinwazyjnie za pomocą analizy zmienności rytmu serca i ciśnienia tętniczego. Materiał i metody Badaniami objęto 10 mężczyzn z pierwotnym nadciśnieniem tętniczym (wiek 39,1 ± 2,9 roku; BMI 27,6 ± 1,0 kg/m2) i 11 zdrowych mężczyzn (wiek 39,7 ± 2,7 roku; BMI 26,1 ± 1,0 kg/ /m2). Uczestnicy otrzymali do oddychania przez bezzwrotną maskę powietrze atmosferyczne, a następnie100-procentowy tlen. Z uzyskanych zapisów EKG i ciśnienia tętniczego analizowano zmienność rytmu serca (HRV) i ciśnienia (BPV). Wyniki Zastosowanie 100-procentowego tlenu do oddychania spowodowało zmniejszenie całkowitej gęstości widma zmienności ciśnienia rozkurczowego i skurczowego (PSD-dBP, PSD-sBP) oraz składowych widma o niskiej częstotliwości (LF-dBP i LF-sBP) w grupie chorych z nadciśnieniem tętniczym. Nie stwierdzono natomiast zmian w stosunku składowej widma o małej i dużej częstotliwości dla ciśnienia skurczowego i rozkurczowego (LF/HF dBP i LH/HF sBP) ani zmian we wskaźnikach zmienności rytmu serca. Wnioski Wyniki badania wskazują na to, że zahamowanie aktywności chemoreceptorów tętniczych poprzez zastosowanie 100-procentowego tlenu do oddychania może zmniejszać aktywność współczulną ocenianą zmiennością ciśnienia tętniczego.Background Previous studies have shown that hyperoxia- induced deactivation of carotid body chemoreceptors produces transient decrease in systolic and mean blood pressure and reduces sympathetic activation measured by microneurography. This study compares the effect of acute hyperoxia on blood pressure and heart rate variability between hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Material and methods Ten males with hypertension (age 39.1 ± 2.9 yrs.; BMI 27.6 ± 1.0 kg/m2) and 11 normotensives males (age 39.7 ± 2.7 yrs.; BMI 26.1 ± 1.0 kg/m2) received, via non-rebreathing mask ventilation, ambient air followed by 100% oxygen for 10 minutes. The blood pressure variability, heart rate variability, blood pressure respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation were recorded continuously. Results Ventilation with 100% oxygen resulted in the decrease in total power density of systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability (PSD-dBP, PSD-sBP) and low frequency bands (LF-dBP i LF-sBP) in hypertensive patients. No changes were noted in ratio of low and high frequency bands (LF/HF) and in parameters of heart rate variability (HRV) in both groups. Conclusions Results of the study indicate that deactivation of carotid bodies with hyperoxia decreases sympathetic activity measured using blood pressure variability method

The effectiveness of transvenous leads extractions implanted more than 10 years before

Background: The increasing number of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) causes a rise in the absolute percentage of individuals qualifying for a transvenous lead extraction (TLE) due to infectious, vascular or lead failure related indications. As the survival time prolongs, TLE procedures more and more often concern the electrodes of long- -term functioning. Authors provide a retrospective analysis of the effectiveness and safety of TLE performed on leads implanted at least 10 years before the extraction. Methods: Between 2008 and 2012 we performed TLE of 364 electrodes in 217 patients. Out of these, 66 (18.1%) leads in 43 (19.8%) patients had been implanted for at least 10 years. The mean dwelling time for electrodes was 161 months (120 to 330). In 62% of cases CIED-related infection was an indication for TLE. The following extracting techniques were used: manual direct traction, device traction, mechanical telescopic sheaths, autorotational cutting sheaths and femoral approach. Results: Fifty-eight pacemakers and 8 defibrillating leads were extracted. Sixty-three (95%) completely, in the remaining 3 cases the clinical success was achieved with the small portion of the lead left into the vascular space. No major procedure complications were observed; minor complications were found in 3 (6%) patients. Conclusions: TLE with the use of various endovascular techniques is an effective and safe method for treating infectious, vascular and mechanical complications of long-lasting CIEDs therapy.

Epicardial adipose tissue and right ventricular dysfunction in patients with acute pulmonary embolism

Epicardial adipose tissue has been linked with increased cardiovascular morbidity. Its correlation with right ventriclar morphology and physiology is a recent concept. The aim of the study was to analyze severity of right ventricular dysfunction in the course of acute pulmonary embolism with the amount of epicardial adipose tissue. Retrospective analsis of 192 computed tomography studies with confirmed pulmonary embolism was performed. Patients were divided into two groups with low and high amount of epicardial adipose tissue. Although no significant differences of BMI and severity of pulmonary embolism were observed between the groups, in patients with high amount of epicardial fat, right ventricular dysfunction was significantly more severe

A new approach to ticagrelor-based de-escalation of antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome. A rationale for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, investigator-initiated, multicenter clinical study

© 2021 Via Medica. This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/The risk of ischemic events gradually decreases after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), reaching a stable level after 1 month, while the risk of bleeding remains steady during the whole period of dual antiplatelet treatment (DAPT). Several de-escalation strategies of antiplatelet treatment aiming to enhance safety of DAPT without depriving it of its efficacy have been evaluated so far. We hypothesized that reduction of the ticagrelor maintenance dose 1 month after ACS and its continuation until 12 months after ACS may improve adherence to antiplatelet treatment due to better tolerability compared with the standard dose of ticagrelor. Moreover, improved safety of treatment and preserved anti-ischemic benefit may also be expected with additional acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) withdrawal. To evaluate these hypotheses, we designed the Evaluating Safety and Efficacy of Two Ticagrelor-based De-escalation Antiplatelet Strategies in Acute Coronary Syndrome — a randomized clinical trial (ELECTRA-SIRIO 2), to assess the influence of ticagrelor dose reduction with or without continuation of ASA versus DAPT with standard dose ticagrelor in reducing clinically relevant bleeding and main-taining anti-ischemic efficacy in ACS patients. The study was designed as a phase III, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, investigator-initiated clinical study with a 12-month follow-up.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

The influence of physical exercise on the generation of TGF-β1, PDGF-AA, and VEGF-A in adipose tissue

Adipose tissue is an important organ that produces and secretes hormones and cytokines, including TGF-β1, PDGF-AA, and VEGF-A. The goal of the present study was to investigate the influence of a single session of acute exercise, as well as the prolonged endurance training on the production of TGF-β1, PDGF-AA, and VEGF-A in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue in rats. Rats were randomly divided into two groups: untrained (UT, n = 30) and trained rats (T, subjected to 6-week endurance training with increasing load, n = 29). Both groups were subjected to an acute exercise session with the same work load. The rats were killed before (UTpre, Tpre), immediately after (UT0h, T0h), or 3 h (UT3h, T3h) after exercise and adipose tissue samples collected. Growth factor mRNA was evaluated using RT-PCR; the protein levels were measured before and after training (UTpre and Tpre) using the immunoenzymatic method. TGF-β1 and PDGF-AA mRNA levels were decreased in the UT3h rats compared to the UTpre rats (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.03, respectively), but the VEGF-A mRNA level remained unchanged in the UT0h and UT3h rats compared to UTpre rats. TGF-β1, PDGF-AA and VEGF-A mRNA levels were decreased in the T3h rats compared to Tpre (P = 0.0002, P = 0.02, and P = 0.03, respectively). TGF-β1, PDGF-AA and VEGF-A mRNA levels significantly increased in the Tpre rats compared to UTpre (all P = 0.0002). However, the protein levels remained constant. In conclusion, prolonged physical exercise increases growth factor mRNA in adipose tissue but not protein levels

Lung transplantation in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: The opinion of the Polish Cardiac Society Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a rare but progressive disease that leads to death. Modern drug treatment slows the progression of the disease and prolongs patients’ lives, but often, even maximal treatment with parenteral prostacyclin does not prevent deterioration. In the case of inadequate clinical response to drug treatment, lung transplantation (LTx) should be considered. This article aims to analyze thoroughly indications to refer a patient for consultation with a transplant center, the optimal timing of listing for LTx, contraindications for the procedure, bridging techniques, as well as tests needed before and after transplantation. We outline the technique of the procedurę and evaluate psychological aspects of LTx