The role of autophagy in the growth and guidance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons

Les neurones dopaminergiques mésodiencephaliques jouent un rôle central dans la régulation d'un large éventail de fonctions cérébrales allant des mouvements volontaires aux comportements associés. Ces fonctions sont régulées par des sous-types distincts de neurones dopaminergiques situés à la base du cerveau soit l'air tegmentaire ventrale et la substance noire compacte. Ces neurones innervent différentes régions du cerveau en formant les voies nigrostriatales, mésolimbiques et mésocorticales. Les mécanismes moléculaires qui régissent la formation de voies dopaminergiques dans le cerveau sont en grande partie inconnus. L'autophagie est la principale voie de renouvellement cytoplasmatique et s'est révélée importante pour le développement du système nerveux. Nous montrons ici que les protéines nécessaires à l'autophagie sont présentes dans les cônes de croissance des neurones dopaminergiques et qu'elles sont régulées temporellement pendant leur développement. En outre, le niveau d'autophagie change de façon dynamique dans les neurones dopaminergiques en réponse à des signaux de guidage chimio-répulsifs et chimio-attractifs. Pour caractériser le rôle de l'autophagie dans la croissance / guidage des axones dopaminergiques, nous avons utilisé la méthode d'édition du génome CRISPR-Cas9 ainsi qu'une souris knock-out conditionnelle (cKO) pour les gènes essentiels de l'autophagie (Atg12, Atg5) spécifiquement dans les neurones dopaminergiques. Les axones ATG5 cKO présentent des renflements axonaux et une diminution du nombre de ramifications in vitro et in vivo, probablement en raison de la formation de boucles de microtubules aberrantes. De manière frappante, la suppression de gènes liés à l'autophagie a complètement bloqué la réponse des neurones dopaminergiques aux signaux de guidage chimio-répulsifs et chimio-attractifs. Nos données démontrent que l'autophagie joue un rôle central dans la régulation du développement des neurones dopaminergiques et dans l'amélioration de notre compréhension des processus physiologiques régissant la croissance et le guidage axonal.Mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons play a central role in the regulation of a wide range of brain functions ranging from voluntary movement to reward associated behaviours. These functions are regulated by distinct subtypes of dopamine neurons located in the ventral midbrain substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area that project to different brain regions by forming the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical pathways. The molecular mechanisms that drive the midbrain dopaminergic trajectory formation are largely unknown. Autophagy is the major cytoplasmatic turnover pathway and has been shown to be important to neural system development. Here we show that autophagy machinery is present in the growth cones of dopaminergic neurons and is temporally regulated during their growth and guidance. Furthermore, autophagy level changes dynamically in dopaminergic neurons in response to both chemo-repulsive and chemo-attractive guidance cues. To characterize the role of autophagy in dopaminergic axon growth/guidance, we used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing as well as a conditional knock-out mice (cKO) for the essential autophagy genes (Atg12, Atg5) deleted in dopaminergic neurons. ATG5 cKO axons exhibit axonal swellings and decreased branching in vitro and in vivo, likely due to aberrant microtubule looping. Strikingly, deletion of autophagy-related genes blunted completely the response of dopaminergic neurons to chemo-repulsive and chemo-attractive guidance cues. Our data demonstrate that autophagy plays a central role to tightly regulate dopaminergic neurons development and improve our understanding about basic physiological processes orchestrating axonal growth and guidance

Caracterização antigênica e molecular de amostras de herpesvírus bovino

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Dípteros associados a frutificações de fungos no sul do Brasil : um recurso alternativo para espécies frugívoras de Drosophila?

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Construção de um herpesvirus bovino tipo 5 com uma deleção no gene UL41

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Construção de um herpesvirus bovino tipo 5 com uma deleção no gene UL41

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Transcriptional repression of Plxnc1 by Lmx1a and Lmx1b directs topographic dopaminergic circuit formation

Mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons play central roles in the regulation of a wide range of brain functions, including voluntary movement and behavioral processes. These functions are served by distinct subtypes of mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area, which form the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical pathways. Until now, mechanisms involved in dopaminergic circuit formation remained largely unknown. Here, we show that Lmx1a, Lmx1b, and Otx2 transcription factors control subtype-specific mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons and their appropriate axon innervation. Our results revealed that the expression of Plxnc1, an axon guidance receptor, is repressed by Lmx1a/b and enhanced by Otx2. We also found that Sema7a/Plxnc1 interactions are responsible for the segregation of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways. These findings identify Lmx1a/b, Otx2, and Plxnc1 as determinants of dopaminergic circuit formation and should assist in engineering mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons capable of regenerating appropriate connections for cell therapy

Transcriptional repression of Plxnc1 by Lmx1a and Lmx1b directs topographic dopaminergic circuit formation

Mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons play central roles in the regulation of a wide range of brain functions, including voluntary movement and behavioral processes. These functions are served by distinct subtypes of mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area, which form the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical pathways. Until now, mechanisms involved in dopaminergic circuit formation remained largely unknown. Here, we show that Lmx1a, Lmx1b, and Otx2 transcription factors control subtype-specific mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons and their appropriate axon innervation. Our results revealed that the expression of Plxnc1, an axon guidance receptor, is repressed by Lmx1a/b and enhanced by Otx2. We also found that Sema7a/Plxnc1 interactions are responsible for the segregation of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways. These findings identify Lmx1a/b, Otx2, and Plxnc1 as determinants of dopaminergic circuit formation and should assist in engineering mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons capable of regenerating appropriate connections for cell therapy

Lmx1a and Lmx1b regulate mitochondrial functions and survival of adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons

The LIM-homeodomain transcription factors Lmx1a and Lmx1b play critical roles during the development of midbrain dopaminergic progenitors, but their functions in the adult brain remain poorly understood. We show here that sustained expression of Lmx1a and Lmx1b is required for the survival of adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Strikingly, inactivation of Lmx1a and Lmx1b recreates cellular features observed in Parkinson's disease. We found that Lmx1a/b control the expression of key genes involved in mitochondrial functions, and their ablation results in impaired respiratory chain activity, increased oxidative stress, and mitochondrial DNA damage. Lmx1a/b deficiency caused axonal pathology characterized by α-synuclein(+) inclusions, followed by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. These results reveal the key role of these transcription factors beyond the early developmental stages and provide mechanistic links between mitochondrial dysfunctions, α-synuclein aggregation, and the survival of dopaminergic neurons

Caracterização antigênica e molecular de amostras de herpesvírus bovino

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