Detection and distribution of European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) in apricot cv. ‘Bergeron’ and epidemiological studies in the province of Trento (Italy)

The aim was to investigate the performance of ‘Bergeron’ on ‘Wavit’ in 4 experimental fields, in the province of Trento (Italy), where European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) caused by “Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum” has been constantly spreading since 2000.This included visual inspections for typical symptoms (early bud-break during dormancy and premature leaf-roll) and a highly sensitive Real time-PCR (Rt-PCR) assay. 25 % of the propagation material was checked with this method and found to be healthy, before planting in 2005.The epidemiology of the disease was also studied by focusing on: the presence of the vector Cacopsylla pruni (Scopoli) on conifers, the detection of “Ca. P. prunorum” in psyllid eggs and the transmission efficiency at different stages. This was done by exposing apricot trees in 2 locations, during 2 periods from January to July, to the overlapping presence in the orchards of the re-immigrants and the new generation of C. pruni. The results obtained demonstrated that ‘Bergeron’ seems to be highly susceptible to ESFY: typical bud-break was rarely observed, but up to 20-30% of the plants showed premature leaf-roll, fruit deformation and dieback. C. pruni was caught only once on Picea abies during winter; “Ca. P. prunorum” was found in 4 egg samples from 2 locations and the preliminary results on the exposed trees confirmed that the re-immigrants could be the most efficient vectors at least on apricot.Keywords: Prunus armeniaca, cultivar ‘Bergeron’, Real time-PCR, “Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum”,epidemiolog

Kamo ide hrvatsko maloljetničko kazneno zakonodavstvo? - 1. dio

U radu se obrađuje kazneni postupak prema maloljetnicima pred sudom za mladež u svjetlu predstojećih izmjena Zakona o sudovima za mladež. Autor, najprije, ukazuje na bitne značajke hrvatskog kaznenog postupka prema maloljetnicima, te analizira kako su u postojeće maloljetničko zakonodavstvo ugrađena temeljna procesna prava maloljetnika iz odgovarajućih međunarodnih dokumenata (tzv. Pekinška pravila, Konvencija o pravima djeteta). Usporedni pregled organizacije i nadležnosti sudova za maloljetnike u 12 europskih zemalja pokazuje da u Europi dominiraju dva modela maloljetničkog pravosuđa: sudski i zaštitni model. S obzirom na dominantnu ulogu suca za mladež tijekom čitavog kaznenog postupka prema maloljetnicima, hrvatski sud za mladež može se ubrojiti u welfare model po kojemu sudac za mladež vrši ne samo istražnu funkciju u pripremnom postupku, nego i sudsku funkciju u postupku pred vijećem za mladež. Nakon prikaza i analize odluke Europskog suda za ljudska prava u predmetu Nortier v. The Netherlands koja se može primijeniti i na naše maloljetničko pravosuđe, te prikaza rezultata ankete provedene među sucima za mladež u Hrvatskoj, autor dolazi do zaključka da objedinjenje istražne i sudske funkcije kod suca za mladež ne predstavlja kršenje prava maloljetnika na nepristran sud iz čl. 6. st. 1. Konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda. Na kraju rada autor ukazuje na eventualne posljedice do kojih bi moglo doći uslijed dosljednog odvajanja istražne i sudske funkcije u postupku pred sudom za mladež