Foreword

[Excerpt] I first met John Hutson in 2005 when I was the Executive Director of Human Rights First. Human Rights First was working to challenge the use of cruelty by U.S. officials in security detentions, practices that had been used at Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo, and elsewhere after the attacks on September 11, 2001. We knew that the human rights community acting alone could not influence this debate, so we went looking for national security experts to help us challenge these practices

Comments and Recommendations on Proposed Reforms to United States Immigration Policy

The author discusses the legal status of the refugee under two decades of American and international law. After reviewing the implications of the United States accession to the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, the Refugee Act of 1980, and current proposals for reform in the refugee/asylum area, he concludes that the Simpson-Mazzoli bill, with several major modifications, would be the most equitable approach to dealing with the present refugee and asylum problems

Comments and Recommendations on Proposed Reforms to United States Immigration Policy

The author discusses the legal status of the refugee under two decades of American and international law. After reviewing the implications of the United States accession to the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, the Refugee Act of 1980, and current proposals for reform in the refugee/asylum area, he concludes that the Simpson-Mazzoli bill, with several major modifications, would be the most equitable approach to dealing with the present refugee and asylum problems

The Forty Year Crisis: A Legislative History of the Refugee Act of 1980

This Article analyzes the legal responses of the United States to issues of refugee and asylum policy in the post-World War II period that culminates in the enactment of the 1980 Refugee Act. The article describes the consensus for a humanitarian, nondiscriminatory policy that led to the passage of the Refugee Act. This legislative history demonstrates the effort to develop a coherent and flexible refugee admission policy and to create statutory mechanisms to mediate the conflict between the executive and legislative branches over the control and standards for refugee admissions. The article evaluates the implementation of the Refugee Act, proposals by recent administrators for reform, and offers a series of recommendations for future refugee and asylum policy

Upstream magnetospheric ion flux tube within a magnetic cloud: Wind/STICS

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95514/1/grl16367.pd

"Green" or "Red"? Reframing the environmental discourse in Nigeria

This paper investigates the role of environmental social movements and NGOs in the struggle for democracy in Nigeria. In particular, it examines how environmental issues, specifically in the oil-rich Niger Delta, have come to symbolise the Niger Delta communities’ craving for greater inclusion in the political process. The paper argues that because of linkages to the nature of economic production, environmental crises have been particularly useful in driving the democracy discourse in Nigeria. By linking environmental crisis to democratisation and the interactions of power within the Nigerian federation, NGOs and social movements have been able to gain support for environmental causes. This may, however, have dire implications for the environmental movement in Nigeria. Because ownership, not necessarily sustainability, is the central theme of such discourse on resource extraction, social movements may not be framing the environmental discourse in a way that highlights its unique relevance. The paper concludes by making a case for alternative methods of framing the environmental discourse in a developing-world context like that of Nigeria.Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Bedeutung umweltpolitischer Bewegungen und Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NRO) für den Kampf um Demokratie in Nigeria. Insbesondere widmet er sich der Frage, inwiefern Umweltthemen, speziell im ölreichen Nigerdelta, inzwischen das große Bedürfnis der Bevölkerung reflektieren, stärker in den politischen Prozess einbezogen zu werden. Umweltkrisen haben den demokratischen Diskurs in Nigeria ganz besonders vorangebracht, weil sie zu den Grundlagen der ökonomischen Produktion in Beziehung stehen. Indem soziale Bewegungen und NRO die Umweltkrisen mit dem Demokratiedefizit und den Machtstrukturen innerhalb Nigerias in Beziehung setzten, fanden sie auch Unterstützung in Umweltfragen. Dies könnte allerdings negative Folgen für die nigerianische Umweltbewegung haben. Denn das zentrale Thema eines sozialen Diskurses zum Abbau von Ressourcen ist die Eigentumsfrage und nicht notwendigerweise die Nachhaltigkeit; wird der Diskurs von sozialen Bewegungen bestimmt, wird die einzigartige umweltpolitische Relevanz möglicherweise nicht ausreichend herausgestellt. Der Autor plädiert für eine alternative Themensetzung im umweltpolitischen Diskurs in Entwicklungsländern wie Nigeria

Recombinant luciferase-expressing human cytomegalovirus (CMV) for evaluation of CMV inhibitors

Recombinant Towne CMV expressing luciferase under the control of CMV-DNA polymerase (POL) or the late pp28 (UL99) promoters were evaluated for potential application in high-throughput screening of anti-viral compounds. POL-and pp28-luciferase displayed maximal expression 48 and 72 hours post infection, respectively. The pp28-luciferase virus achieved a wider dynamic range of luciferase expression (6-7 logs) and was selected for testing of inhibition by five anti-viral compounds. Luciferase expression highly correlated with plaque reduction and real-time PCR. The pp28-luciferase reporter system is rapid, reproducible, and highly sensitive. It may be applied to screening of novel anti-CMV compounds

Association of Low‐Charge‐State Heavy Ions up to 200 R e upstream of the Earth's bow shock with geomagnetic disturbances

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94741/1/grl14934.pd