LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE GENE GENOTYPIZATION FOR SPECIES IDENTIFICATION IN A FISH FARM ON THE RIVER NERETVA

There are severale Salmonid species, found in the river Neretva basin, among which S. trutta and S. obtusirostris. Also, natural hybrids such as S. obtusirostris x S. trutta have been observed. In one fish farm on the river Neretva, S. trutta and S. obtusirostris were decided to breed separately. Parental fishes were separated phenotypicaly on the basis of the morphological signs. PCR-RFLP analysis of the exon 3 to exon 4 part of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) C1* gene with restriction endonuclease RsaI was employed to identify the presence of other species representatives or intercrosses in two groups of juvenille fishes. Using this method, we were able to identify two S. trutta representatives in the S. obtusirostris group

INFLUENCE OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISM IN FABP3 AND LEPR GENES ON INTRAMUSCULAR FAT CONTENT IN PIG CARCASSES

Intenzivni uvjeti proizvodnje, selekcija usmjerena na povećanje postotka mišićnoga tkiva u polovicama te zahtjevi potrošača doveli su do smanjivanja udjela intramuskularne masti u trupovima svinja. Intramuskularna mast je čimbenik koji utječe na okus, sočnost i mekoću mesa. Porodica FABP proteina dovodi do razlike u sadržaju intramuskularne masti kod različitih pasmina svinja. FABP3 i LEPR geni su kandidatni geni za svojstvo intramuskularne masti, a njihovi polimorfizmi objašnjavaju varijabilnosti koje se javljaju kod različitih pasmina svinja. Cilj je ovoga rada prikazati utjecaj gena na različiti sadržaj intramuskularne masti u trupovima svinja s obzirom na njihov genotip.Intensive production conditions, selection directed to increase the percentage of muscle tissue in carcasses and consumer demand have led to a reduction of intramuscular fat content in pig carcasses. Intramuscular fat is a factor affecting the flavor, juiciness and tenderness of pork meat. FABP protein family causes the differences in the content of intramuscular fat in different pig breeds. FABP3 and LEPR gene are candidate genes for intramuscular fat content and their polymorphisms explain the variability that can occur in different pig breeds. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the influence of genes on different intramuscular fat content in pig carcasses due to pigs genotype

SILVOPASTORAL KEEPING OF THE BLACK SLAVONIAN PIGS

Silvo pastoralni način držanja svinja podrazumijeva uzgoj svinja u šumama. U takvim uvjetima osnovu njihove hranidbe čine žir, bukvica, divlje voće, divlji kesten te kukci i gujavice. Navedeni način uzgoja svinja je ekološki prihvatljiv te osigurava prirodne uvjete držanja svinja, ne zahtijeva izgradnju skupih i modernih farmi, velike veterinarske troškove ili troškove hrane. Pasmine svinja pogodne za silvo-pastoralni uzgoj su autohtone pasmine, crna slavonska svinja i turopoljska svinja. Osim svinja, ovim načinom moguće je uzgajati i druge pasmine životinja (koze, ovce, konje, goveda). Šumski uzgoj crne slavonske svinje najveći potencijal ima u hrastovim šuma¬ma, no on se može provoditi i u šumama pitomog kestena ili bukve. Šume ne mogu osigurati dovoljnu količinu hrane tijekom cijele godine, no u kombinaciji s pašnjaci¬ma i strnjacima moguće je zadovoljiti hranidbene potrebe svinja. Radi sprječavanja križanja s divljim svinjama preporuča se držanje kastriranih svinja. Cilj silvo-pastoralnog načina uzgoja je omogućiti svinjama pašu ili žirovanje koji pašnjak i šuma mogu podnijeti bez degradacije. Prednosti ovakvog načina držanja svinja su manja financijska ulaganja, ekološka prihvatljivost i uzgoj u skladu s dobrobiti svinja. Kretanjem po šumskim površinama ostvaruje se pozitivan utjecaj na dobrobit i zdravlje svinja i kvalitetu konačnih proizvoda. Nedostaci ovog načina držanja su mogućnost uništavanja mladih stabala drveća, križanje s divljim pasminama svinja, povećanje brojnosti populacije te konkurencije divljih i domaćih pasmina svinja te mogućnost prijenosa zaraznih bolesti. Silvo-pastoralni način uzgoja svinja široko je rasprostranjen u Španjolskoj gdje je poznat uzgoj Iberijske svinje.Silvo pastoral keeping conditions include breeding pigs in a forest. In such conditions the basis of their nutrition are acorn, beechnuts, wild fruit, chestnut, insects and earthworms. Such pig farming is environmentally friendly and provides natural conditions for pigs, it does not require the construction of expensive and modern farms, high veterinary costs and food costs. Breeds of pig which are suitable for silvo pastoral system are indigenous breeds, Black Slavonian pig and Turopolje pig breeds. This can also be a way of breeding some other breeds of animals (goats, sheep, horses, cattle). The Black Slavonian pig has the greatest potential in oak forests, but it can be kept in the forests of chestnut and beech. Forests cannot provide enough food for pigs during the year, but in combination with pastures it is possible to satisfy the nutritional requirements of pigs. In order to prevent crossing with wild boar it is recommended to have the pigs castrated. The aim of silvo pastoral system is providing enough acorn or pasture without forest degradation. The advantages of this way of pig keeping are lower financial investments, ecological acceptability and farming in accordance with pigs welfare. Moving about in wooded areas has a positive effect on welfare and health of the pigs and the quality of the final product. The disadvantages of this farming method is possibility of damage to the young trees, crossing with wild boars, increasing the population size and competition of wild and domestic pig breeds and the possibility of spreading infectious diseases. Silvo pastoral system is widely spread in Spain, where is breeding of Iberian pigs well known

VAŽNOST SENZORNE EVALUACIJE U PROCJENI KVALITETE JAJA

The sensory evaluation is a scientific discipline used to evoke, measure, analyze and interpret reactions to stimuli perceived through senses of sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. Sensory evaluation applies principles of experimental design and statistical analysis to the use of human senses aiming to isolate the sensory properties of foods themselves and provide important and useful information to product developers, food scientists, and managers about the sensory characteristics of food products. To achieve the scientific control of the sensory evaluation test, good laboratory practice should be applied. It includes defining the test objective and test type, selection of right assessors, ensuring right test area, handling and preparing the sample in appropriate way, paying attention to test set-up and storing the test data safe in logical order. Regarding eggs, sensory characteristics are usually evaluated on eggs enriched with bioactive compounds. Sensory studies are often conducted either with trained (in accordance with international reference standards) or untrained panelists. Sensory evaluation of eggs after addition of different compounds is of great importance because sensory attributes such as aroma, flavor, aftertaste and overall acceptability of enriched eggs are very important to consumers.Senzorna procjena je znanstvena disciplina koja se koristi za evociranje, mjerenje, analizu i tumačenje reakcija na podražaje koji se percipiraju kroz osjetila vida, mirisa, dodira, okusa i sluha. Senzorna procjena primjenjuje načela eksperimentalnoga oblikovanja i statističke analize za korištenje ljudskih osjetila u pokušaju izoliranja osjetilnih svojstava hrane i daje važne i korisne informacije proizvođačima, znanstvenicima koji se bave hranom te menadžerima o osjetilnim karakteristikama prehrambenih proizvoda. Da bi se postigla znanstvena kontrola senzornoga testa procjene, potrebno je primijeniti dobru laboratorijsku praksu, koja uključuje definiranje cilja i tipa ispitivanja, odabir pravih procjenitelja, osiguravanje odgovarajućega područja ispitivanja, rukovanje i pripremanje uzorka na odgovarajući način, vodeći računa o tome da je postavljanje ispitivanja i pohranjivanje podataka ispitivanja sigurno i u logičkom redoslijedu. Kada se radi o jajima, osjetilna svojstva obično se procjenjuju na jajima obogaćenim bioaktivnim spojevima. Senzorne studije često se (u skladu s međunarodnim referentnim standardima) provode s obučenim ili neobučenim panelistima. Senzorna procjena jaja nakon dodavanja različitih spojeva od izuzetne je važnosti, jer su senzorna obilježja, kao što su aroma, okus, naknadni okus i sveukupna prihvatljivost obogaćenih jaja, vrlo važna potrošačima

RELATIONSHIP OF RYR1 GENE WITH PRODUCTION AND SLAUGHTER TRAITS OF PIGS

Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti utjecaj RYR1 gena na proizvodna i klaonička svojstva utovljenih svinja, tj. utvrditi povezanost polimorfizma ovog gena s najznačajnijim klaoničkim i proizvodnim svojstvima svinja. Istraživanje je provedeno na 60 svinja križanaca velikog jorkšira i njemačkog landrasa (VJ x NJL) na strani majke te duroka na strani oca. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da RYR1 gen značajno utječe na debljinu leđne slanine i mišića, mesnatost i vrijednost gubitka mesnog soka. Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između vrijednosti električne provodljivosti, konzistencije i svojstva zadržavanja vode, kao i svojstava koja određuju senzorsku kvalitetu mišićnog tkiva. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na djelomičnu potvrdu dosadašnjih istraživanja kako polimorfizam RYR1 gena utječe na proizvodna svojstva živih te na svojstva kakvoće trupova i mišićnog tkiva zaklanih svinja. Da bismo dobili potpuniju sliku i točniju procjenu utjecaja polimorfizma u RYR1 genu na navedena svojstva, potrebno je provoditi daljnja sustavna istraživanja na većem broju jedinki.The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of RYR1 gene on economic and slaughter traits of fattening pigs, i.e., to determine connection of the RYR1 gene polymorphism with important economic and slaughter traits of pigs. Investigations were performed on 60 crossbreed pigs between large white and German Landrace (LW x GL) on the dam side, and Duroc on the sire side. The results showed that RYR1 gene had a great influence on muscle and backfat thickness, meat percentage and drip loss value. Statistically differences between electric conductivity, consistency and sensoric traits of muscle tissue were not found. These results partially confirm former investigations on the influence of RYR1 gene on productive traits of live pigs and carcass and meat traits of slaughter pigs. To get a thorough picture and precise valuation of impact of the RYR1 gene polymorphism on mentioned traits, further investigations on the larger pig populations are necessary

DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN GENOME ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

Sekvenciranje i detaljno istraživanje genoma domaćih životinja započeto je sredinom prošloga stoljeća. U prvome redu to se odnosilo na razvoj metoda prve generacije sekvenciranja, odnosno Sangerovu metodu sekvenciranja. Primjena tehnologijama nove generacije u analizi genoma domaćih životinja trenutno je najzastupljenija metoda sekvenciranja životinjskoga genoma. Primjenom tih metoda dobiva se i do 100 puta više podataka u usporedbi sa Sangerovom metodom sekvenciranja. Razvoj novih tehnologija sekvenciranja od 2005. godine do danas omogućile su provođenje analiza koje uključuju RNK sekvenciranje, genotipiziranje cijeloga genoma, imunoprecipitaciju povezanu s DNK mikročipovima, detektiranje mutacija i nasljednih bolesti i sekvenciranje mitohondrijskoga genoma. Primjena novih metoda sekvenciranja u analizi genoma domaćih životinja otvara vrata prema boljem razumijevanju genetske osnove proizvodnih svojstava važnih za unaprijeđenje stočarske proizvodnje.Sequencing and detailed study of the genom of domestic animals began in the middle of the last century. It was primarily referred to development of the first generation sequencing methods, i.e. Sanger sequencing method. Next generation sequencing methods are currently the most common methods in the analysis of domestic animals genom. The application of these methods gave us up to 100 time more data in comparison with Sanger method. Analyses including RNA sequencing, genotyping of whole genome, immunoprecipitation associated with DNA microarrays, detection ofmutations and inherited diseases, sequencing ofthemitochondrial genome and many others have been conducted with development and application of new sequencing methods since 2005 until today. Application of new sequencing methods in the analysis ofdomestic animal genome provides better understanding of the genetic basis for important production traits which could help in improving the livestock production