5,842 research outputs found
Diel Vertical Migration of an Invasive Calanoid Copepod, Eurytemora affinis, in Little Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin
Eurytemora affinis, a calanoid copepod, is known to be a versatile, prolific invader of freshwater ecosystems across the globe. It has recently been documented in the Laurentian Great Lakes, including in Little Sturgeon Bay, an embayment of Lake Michigan. One survival mechanism that could make E. affinis a successful invader is diel vertical migration (DVM), a behavior in which animals move to different lakes depths at different times of day in order to avoid predation. Much is known about DVM of E. affinis, but primarily from studies in marine and brackish systems. Our goal was to investigate how E. affinis responds to its new, non-native freshwater environment, and to make inferences about its invasive success. During the summer of 2014, samples were taken at Little Sturgeon Bay twice on four days—once at noon and again at night. Samples were collected at one-meter intervals from one nearshore site and one offshore site. Body size and darkness of different life-stages of E. affinis were evaluated to determine stage-dependent differences in visual predation risk. Abundance of E. affinis was determined at each depth of each site to describe diel patterns of movement through the water column. Results show significant differences among life-stages in both length and visual area, but not our measure of darkness. Magnitude of DVM was greater near shore than in the offshore habitat. This may be a result of greater predation pressure near shore. The magnitude of DVM was also stage-dependent, with adults performing a more drastic migration than copepodites. This stage-dependency could be a result of differing visual predation risk, since copepodites are smaller than adults. The variety of DVM magnitudes exhibited for different life stages and environmental conditions support the notion that E. affinis is highly phenotypically plastic, making it a successful invader
Spin flip scattering at Al surfaces
Non-local measurements are performed on a multi terminal device to
determine the spin diffusion length and in combination with resistivity
measurements also the spin relaxation time in Al films. By varying the
thickness of Al we determine the contribution to spin relaxation from surface
scattering. From the temperature dependence of the spin diffusion length it is
established that the spin relaxation is impurity dominated at low temperature.
A comparison of the spin and momentum relaxation lengths for different
thicknesses reveals that the spin flip scattering at the surfaces is weak
compared to that within the bulk of the Al films.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure
Long-lived Bloch oscillations with bosonic Sr atoms and application to gravity measurement at micrometer scale
We report on the observation of Bloch oscillations on the unprecedented time
scale of severalseconds. The experiment is carried out with ultra-cold bosonic
strontium-88 loaded into a vertical optical standing wave. The negligible
atom-atom elastic cross section and the absence of spin makes Sr an
almost ideal Bose gas insensitive to typical mechanisms of decoherence due to
thermalization and to external stray fields. The small size enables precision
measurements of forces at micrometer scale. This is a challenge in physics for
studies of surfaces, Casimir effects, and searches for deviations from
Newtonian gravity predicted by theories beyond the standard model
CSM-365 - Using schema theory to explore interactions of multiple operators
In the last two years the schema theory for Genetic Programming (GP) has been applied to the problem of understanding the length biases of a variety of crossover and mutation operators on variable length linear structures. In these initial papers, operators were studied in isolation. In practice, however, they are typically used in various combinations, and in this paper we present the first schema theory analysis of the complex interactions of multiple operators. In particular we apply the schema theory to the use of standard subtree crossover, full mutation, and grow mutation (in varying proportions) to variable length linear structures in the one-then-zeros problem. We then show how the results can be used to guide choices about the relative proportion of these operators in order to achieve certain structural goals during a run
Enhanced spin accumulation in a superconductor
A lateral array of ferromagnetic tunnel junctions is used to inject and
detect non-equilibrium quasi-particle spin distribution in a superconducting
strip made of Al. The strip width and thickness is kept below the quasi
particle spin diffusion length in Al. Non-local measurements in multiple
parallel and antiparallel magnetic states of the detectors are used to in-situ
determine the quasi-particle spin diffusion length. A very large increase in
the spin accumulation in the superconducting state compared to that in the
normal state is observed and is attributed to a diminishing of the
quasi-particle population by opening of the gap below the transition
temperature.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures; accepted for publication in Journal of Applied
Physic
Precision measurement of gravity with cold atoms in an optical lattice and comparison with a classical gravimeter
We report on a high precision measurement of gravitational acceleration using
ultracold strontium atoms trapped in a vertical optical lattice. Using
amplitude modulation of the lattice intensity, an uncertainty was reached by measuring at the 5 harmonic of the Bloch
oscillation frequency. After a careful analysis of systematic effects, the
value obtained with this microscopic quantum system is consistent with the one
we measured with a classical absolute gravimeter at the same location. This
result is of relevance for the recent interpretation of related experiments as
tests of gravitational redshift and opens the way to new tests of gravity at
micrometer scale.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Test of Einstein Equivalence Principle for 0-spin and half-integer-spin atoms: Search for spin-gravity coupling effects
We report on a conceptually new test of the equivalence principle performed
by measuring the acceleration in Earth's gravity field of two isotopes of
strontium atoms, namely, the bosonic Sr isotope which has no spin vs the
fermionic Sr isotope which has a half-integer spin. The effect of
gravity upon the two atomic species has been probed by means of a precision
differential measurement of the Bloch frequency for the two atomic matter waves
in a vertical optical lattice. We obtain the values for the E\"otv\"os parameter and
for the coupling between nuclear spin and gravity.
This is the first reported experimental test of the equivalence principle for
bosonic and fermionic particles and opens a new way to the search for the
predicted spin-gravity coupling effects.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. New spin-gravtity coupling analysis on the data
added to the manuscrip
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