Izbira metode ekstrakcije DNK za spremljanje organizma za biotično zatiranje, Gliocladium catenulatum J1446

Gray mold, caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most common and serious diseases affecting strawberries. Different fungicides are used to manage this disease but fungi can develop resistance on it. Therefore, much attention is devoted to biological methods of control in recent years. Preparation Prestop® MIX (Verdera Oy, Finland) is available in some European countries. It contains a biocontrol agent (BCA), isolate J1446 of the fungus Gliocladium catenulatum, active against grey mold. In the project Bicopoll, a project of European transnational research cooperation project CORE Organic II, we are monitoring the effectiveness of BCA spreading on strawberry flowers by bees and checking for residues of BSA in bee products (honey, pollen). For this purpose, we developed a new, BCA specific real time PCR, which allows us to detect BCA in different samples and quantify it. In the early stages of development, we focused on the development of DNA extraction methods from product Prestop® MIX

The Portrayal of Nazi Society in Irmgard Keun\u27s Novel „Nach Mitternacht‟

Im Roman „Nach Mitternacht“ werden durch die Beobachtungen, Handlungen und Leiden der Protagonistin Susanne Moder sowie anderer Charaktere das damalige Leben und die Menschen, die unter dem nationalsozialistischen Regime lebten, in all ihren Facetten dargestellt. Mit Hilfe der Sekundärliteratur und historischer Quellen gelingt es, den Bezug zu den tatsächlichen damaligen Ereignissen herzustellen. Auf diese wird im Roman zwar nicht explizit verwiesen, trotzdem erscheinen jedoch einige Schilderungen – besonders der Auftritt Hitlers – sehr authentisch. Irmgard Keuns Werk wurde nicht umsonst in zahlreichen Rezensionen für seine Authentizität gepriesen: Keun erlebte die Anfangsjahre der Hitlerherrschaft. Somit konnte sie das Klimas dieser Hitler-Jahre glaubwürdig schildern und man kann behaupten, dass der Zeitrahmen der Romanhandlung – ungefähr Mitte März 1936 – dabei deutlich zu erkennen ist. Dieser Roman ist jedoch keine Analyse des Nationalsozialismus, sondern ein Roman, den man gut und mehrmals lesen muss, um die größere Kritik am damaligen Nazideutschland zu verstehen. Der historische und politische Kontext dieser Zeit, der im Roman auf eine künstlerische Art und Weise beschrieben wird, muss bei der Interpretation des Inhalts stets beachtet werden. Die Analyse des Buches ergab, dass sich durch den ganzen Roman Hinweise auf Repressionsmaßnahmen finden lassen, die zwischen den Jahren 1933 und 1936 von der NS-Politik durchgeführt worden sind. Solche Maßnahmen waren z. B. die „Nürnberger Gesetze“. Das „Reichsbürgergesetz“ und das „Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre“ spielen im Roman eine zentrale Rolle: Aufgrund der Gesetzgebung dürfen Dieter Aaron, ein jüdisch-arischer Mischling, und Sannas besten Freundin Gerti nämlich nicht zusammen sein. Damit sich das verliebte Pärchen zumindest sehen kann, begleitet Sanna Gerti öfters als Alibi zu ihren Treffen. Dieter Aaron verliert auch seinen Job in der Chemiefabrik, dabei ist er jedoch nicht der einzige: Auch Dr. Breslauer, ein jüdischer Arzt, verliert wegen des „Gesetzes zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums“ seine Kassenzulassung und kann somit seine Arbeit in Deutschland nicht mehr ausüben. Er tut, was die meisten tun – er geht ins Exil. Langsam aber sicher werden auch die jüdischen Ladenbesitzer boykottiert. Keun beschreibt auch viele andere gesellschaftliche Phänomene, die durch die nationalsozialistische Ideologie hervorgebracht wurden, wie die z.B. die „Denunziantenbewegung“. Denunzianten zeigten Leute aus persönlichen, ungerechtfertigten Motiven an. Begünstigt durch das propagierte Weltbild wurde Denunziation zu einer gesellschaftlichen Praxis, die im Roman anhand des Charakters von Tante Adelheid aufgezeigt wird, sowie anhand der Szene, in der Sanna im Polizeipräsidium auf das Verhör der Gestapo wartet. Auch der nationalsozialistische Stab, der Angst und Schrecken im Dritten Reich verbreitete, kommt in zahlreichen Textpassagen – explizit oder implizit – zu Wort. So werden die unmittelbaren Akteure – SA, SS, Reichswehr und die Gestapo – vorgestellt. Durch die karikierende Art und Weise, wie Keun ihre Aktivitäten und ihr Verhalten schildert, zeichnet sie ein regelrechtes Spottbild. So beschreibt sie den NS-Aufmarsch der Reichswehr als eine „eine Art Ballett“, was im vollkommenen Gegensatz zur damaligen Vorstellung der Elite – des Führers, der Soldaten und des Paramilitärs – steht. In der Propaganda wurden diese den Leuten als eine Art „Popikone“ angepriesen. Besonders Hitler wurde als ein aufopfernder Führer inszeniert, in Wahrheit entsprach er aber kaum dem Idealbild eines Menschen. Keun spielt darauf u.a. mit der pejorativen Metapher der leeren Hand an, mit der er seinen Gefolgsleuten zuwinkt, wie ein Prinz im Karnevalszug. Seine Reden und seinen Besuch in Frankfurt charakterisiert die Autorin als politisch inhaltslos. Im Allgemeinen tritt die NS-Ideologie im Roman durch Propaganda auf - mit Hilfe von verschiedenen Organisationen wie der NS-Frauenschaft, der Tante Adelheid, Frau Silias und Frau Breitwehr angehören, oder der Hitlerjugend. Das Alltagsleben der Menschen wurde durch verschiedene Elemente und Massenveranstaltungen beeinflusst, die das nationalsozialistische Alltagsleben prägten, wie die Hauswart-Regelung, die Luftschutzübungen, der Hitlergruß, das Horst-Wessel-Lied, und verschiedene Printmedien, wie z.B. das Wochenblatt „Der Stürmer“. Die Schilderung der damaligen Gesellschaft wird umso glaubwürdiger mit der Analyse der Lage der Intellektuellen. Keun war genauso wie Sannas Bruder Algin eine Schriftstellerin und ihre Werke landeten, wie auch Algins Bücher, auf der „schwarzen Liste“. Im Roman wird die Reglementierung der Intellektuellen als Problemkomplex angeführt. Alle Charaktere müssen sich entweder anpassen oder Widerstand leisten. Die politischen Geschehnisse und die Tatsache, in Deutschland nicht mehr als kritischer Journalist arbeiten zu können, treiben Heini zur Verzweiflung. Seit der Zensur und der Beschränkung der Schriftsteller/innen ist er überzeugt, Literatur sei zwecklos. Ebenso wenig kann er sich aber einen unbelasteten Neuanfang in einem anderen Land vorstellen. Obwohl die Lage im NS-Deutschland zum Verzweifeln ist, versuchen alle Charaktere, die gesellschaftlichen Zustände und Lebensumstände zu verbessern. Diejenigen, die sich für das Leben im NS-Deutschland entscheiden, scheitern jedoch dabei. Im Fall des Journalisten Heini endet sein Leben mit einem Selbstmord. Die Flucht bzw. der Gang ins Exil scheint im Gegensatz dazu erfolgreich zu sein. Die neuen Probleme, die aufgrund der Staatenlosigkeit der Exilanten später entstehen, die Aufnahmekriterien der Exilländer, die finanzielle Situation der Exilanten und weitere Punkte, die im Roman angelegt sind und über das Schicksal der ”Staatenlosen“ entscheiden, bilden dabei einen interessanten Forschungsgegenstand für zukünftige Abhandlungen. Irmgard Keun verfasste mit „Nach Mitternacht“ ein herausragendes Werk, das von den Lesern aber sorgfältig gelesen werden muss, um die darin enthaltene Kritik herauszuschälen. Sie ist in erster Linie eine Schriftstellerin und Künstlerin, weshalb sie den Nationalsozialismus nicht unmittelbar an den Pranger stellt, sondern ihre Missbilligung durch subtile Anspielungen und sorgfältig gewählte Formulierungen zum Ausdruck bringt. Durch die Karikierung des Repressionsapparates, durch ihre komisch-ironische Erzählweise bringt Keun die Leser an manchen Stellen sogar zum Grinsen, bewegt sie jedoch gleichzeitig zum Nachdenken über die damalige Situation im NS-Deutschland. Auf ihre eigene Art und Weise führt sie den Lesern die Banalität der NS-Ideologie und deren Mentalität vor Augen, weshalb ihr Roman noch heute als eines der grundlegenden Werke der deutschen Exilliteratur gilt.In the novel „After Midnight”, the then way of life and the people living under the Nazi regime are presented in all aspects through the observations, actions and suffering of the protagonist Susanne Moder (Sanne) as well as other characters. With the help of secondary literature and historical sources, it is easy to make a connection with the actual events of that time. Although this is not explicitly mentioned in the novel, some descriptions - in particular Hitler\u27s - are very authentic. The work of Imgard Keun did not receive so many good reviews in vain: Keun had experienced the early years of Hitler\u27s rule. Because of this, she could accurately reflect the atmosphere of Hitler\u27s years and we can confidently say that the timeline of the novel - around mid-March 1936 - is clearly recognizable. This novel, however, is not an analysis of Nazism, but a novel, which must be thoroughly and repeatedly read so that we can understand the greater criticism of Nazi Germany of the time. When interpreting the content, one should pay attention to the historical and political background of this period, which is described in the novel in an artistic way. The book\u27s analysis showed that throughout the novel, there are hints of repressive measures that were carried out by Nazi politics between 1933 and 1936. Such measures were, for example, Nuremberg Laws. The Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor have a central role in the novel: Dieter Aaron, a man of forbidden Jewish-Aryan descend, and Sannin, Gerta\u27s best friend, cannot be a couple because of the legislation. In order for the in love couple to be able to see each other at least, Sanna follows Gerti as an alibi several times to their meetings. Dieter Aaron also loses his job at a chemical factory, but he is not the only one: Dr. Breslauer, a Jewish doctor, loses his health insurance due to the Public Administration Reform Act and can no longer carry out his profession. He does what most people did - go to exile. Slowly, but certainly Jewish traders are also being boycotted. Keun also describes a number of other social phenomena created by the Nazi ideology, such as, for example, the „denunciation movement“. Informants denounced people for personal, unjustified reasons. Encouraged by a propagated view of the world, denunciations have become a social practice that is portrayed in the novel by Aunt Adelheid’s character, as well as in the scene in which Sanna is waiting at the police station for her hearing by the Gestapo. Even the Nazi Command, which spread fear and terror in the Third Reich, is explicitly or implicitly mentioned in numerous text passages. Thus, the direct actors - SA, SS, national defense and the secret state police are presented. With a caricatured way of expression, with which Keun describes their activities and behavior, she creates a downright mockery. She describes the Nazi march is described as "a kind of ballet", which is in complete contradiction with the then idea of the elite: the Führer, soldiers and paramilitaries. In propaganda these people were presented as some kind of pop icons. In particular, Hitler was portrayed as a self-sacrificing leader, but in reality he did not even remotely fit in with the ideal image of a human. Keun hints at this, among other things, with a pejorative metaphor of an empty hand, with which he waves at his followers, as a prince at a carnival procession. His speeches and the visit to Frankfurt are marked by the author as politically meaningless. In general, the Nazi ideology appears in the novel through propaganda - with the help of various organizations such as the National Socialist Women\u27s League, whose members were Aunt Adelheid, Mrs. Silias and Mrs. Breitwehr, or Hitler\u27s Youth. The daily lives of people were influenced by various elements and mass events that shaped the Nazi everyday life, such as caretaker regulation, anti-aircraft exercises, Hitler\u27s greeting, Horst Wessel Song and various printed media, like the newspaper „Der Stürmer“. The description of the then society becomes more and more credible by analyzing the status of intellectuals. Keun was, like Sanns brother Algin, a writer and her works landed, same as Algin\u27s did, on a „blacklist“. In the novel, the regulation of intellectuals is listed as a complex problem. All characters have to either adapt or resist. Political events and the fact that in Germany one can no longer be a critical journalist, bring Heini to despair. Due to the censorship and writer restrictions, he is convinced that literature itself has no meaning. Not much better is the thought of a new beginning in another country. Although the situation in Nazi Germany is desperate, all characters try to improve the social and living conditions. However, those who decide to live in Nazi Germany, fail to do so. In the case of journalist Heini, his life ends in suicide. On the contrary, escaping or going into exile proves to be the successful solution. The new problems that arise later on as a result of the statelessness of the characters - the criteria for accepting exiles, the financial position of the exiles and other issues in the Novel, that determine the fate of stateless individuals in the novel are an interesting topic for future debates. Imgard Keun wrote a remarkable work with the novel „After midnight“, which readers should carefully read in order to extract the critique contained. In the first place, she is primarily a writer and an artist, and therefore does not immediately place Nazism on a shameful pillar, but expresses her disapproval with sophisticated hints and carefully designed formulations. By caricaturing the repressive apparatus, with her funny and ironic narrative, Keun brings in some places a smile on the reader’s face, and at the same time leads them to reflect on the situation in the then Nazi Germany. In her own way, she acquaints the readers with the banality of the Nazi ideology and its mentality, and therefore today the novel is still regarded as one of the fundamental parts of German exile literature

Use of honeybees (Apis mellifera) to protect strawberry from grey mould (Botrytis cinerea)

BICOPOLL is a CORE Organic II European project on protecting strawberries from its most important disease, the grey mould (Botrytis cinerea). Protective spores of fungi Gliocladium catenulatum in Prestop® Mix (PM) are delivered to the flowers of strawberry by honeybees. We assessed effectiveness of honeybees as vectors under field conditions. Flower visits of bees, and fruit yield were monitored and departing and returning bees and strawberry flowers were sampled. Bees visited strawberry flowers the whole flowering period, but more abundant were in warm weather and in the afternoon. The quantity of spores on honeybees was determined by plating on media and a new method, qPCR that we have developed specifically for the protective fungi. The highest number of spores on bees was determined directly after administration of PM followed by a steady decline during the day until stabilization at a low number. The spores could also be detected in returning bees at a relatively constant low number. PM increased proportion of healthy berries for approximately 50 %. Results of first field experiment in Slovenia confirmed effectiveness of bees as vector of PM. We suggest some changes in application of PM

The development of new methods for monitoring biocontrol agent, Gliocladium catenulatum J1446, to control gray mold on strawberries

Gray mold, caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most common and serious diseases affecting strawberries. Different fungicides are used to manage this disease but can quickly lose their effectiveness and their ability to suppress the disease. Therefore, much attention is devoted to biological methods of control in recent years. Preparation PrestopMIX (Verdera Oy, Finland) is available in some European countries. It contains a biocontrol agent (BCA), isolate J1446 of the fungus Gliocladium catenulatum, active against grey mold. In the project Bicopoll, a project of European transnational research cooperation project CORE Organic II, we are checking for residues of BSA in bee products (honey, pollen) and following BCA distribution to strawberry flowers by bees. For this purpose, we developed a new, BCA specific real time PCR, which allows us to detect BCA in different samples and quantify it. Development of a new method and its application will be presented

Final report on the ʼNIB Proficiency Test Round 2018-01ʼ

Proficiency test is a way in which competence of laboratories is assessed and demonstrated. In proficiency testing standardized samples are prepared with known status regarding the presence of harmful organisms. These are sent out to participating laboratories that analyse them using their own methods, equipment and reagents and send results back to the organizer. Organizer analyses the results and provides a report detailing all participants’ results in confidential manner together with actual sample status

Between the text and visual supported narrative – comparison of fairy tale and cartoon

Fairy tales are an important part of a child's integrated development, as well as the only literary form that guides the child to discover his own identity and shows him which experiences he may need for further development of his character. Although we may not realize what a great influence have fairytales on both, children and adults. However, more and more children interferes with the visualy supported stories, so we need to give the child education by both reading and media and also assist in choosing quality cartoons as well developing critical thinking and evaluation. The first, theoretical part of the thesis, describes some important concepts related to the topic. In the beginning the concept of a fairy tale is described in which its significance, impact on children and the focus population is covered. We mentioned what motivation is and its role in the reading process. Further on a child's reading development is described, being said something about how children experience a fairy tale that could seriously affect their life hence is extremely important for the normal development of a child. We identified a cartoon and pointed out the advantages and disadvantages that arise. We mentioned and introduced Animateka (International Animated Film Festival) and Elephant Programme, which aimes at the youngest participants. In the second part of the thesis we compared cartoon and a fairy tale while cooperating with scholars from Oskar Kovačič primary school. At first we read a fairy tale of Peter Pan and after we watched animated movie. With the fairy tale of Thumbelina we did the opposite, first we watched tha animated movie and after listened to the story. We observed differences in the experience of watching and listening. We noticed that with reading children were motivated by dramatization which raised their level of interest. The cartoon is a matter of satisfaction and joy to a child in any way, with just being colourful and animated. In the third part of the thesis we have made an animated movie in a collaboration with scolars and Animateka

Final report on the \u27NIB Proficiency Test Round 2016-02\u27: proficiency test for molecular detection of Xylella fastidiosa

Proficiency test is a way in which competence of laboratories is assessed and demonstrated. In proficiency testing standardized samples are prepared with known status regarding the presence of harmful organisms. These are sent out to participating laboratories that analyse them using their own methods, equipment and reagents and send results back to the organizer. Organizer analyses the results and provides a report detailing all participants’ results in confidential manner together with actual sample status